{"id":185536,"date":"2018-06-22T22:29:00","date_gmt":"2018-06-23T02:29:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cruise-tourism-to-cuba-the-sweet-and-the-sour-2\/"},"modified":"2018-10-02T14:46:10","modified_gmt":"2018-10-02T18:46:10","slug":"cruise-tourism-to-cuba-the-sweet-and-the-sour","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/economy\/tourism-in-cuba\/cruise-tourism-to-cuba-the-sweet-and-the-sour\/","title":{"rendered":"Cruise Tourism to Cuba: the Sweet and the Sour"},"content":{"rendered":"

On Friday, April 27, the book Por el Mar de las Antillas: 50 a\u00f1os de turismo de
\ncruceros en el Caribe, by Martha Honey, Jannelle Wilkins, Jos\u00e9 Luis Perell\u00f3 and Rafael
\nBetancourt, was presented in Havana. Brought out by the Temas publishing house and
\navailable in electronic format on www.responsibletravel.org<\/a>, it is considered the first
\ncomprehensive study of cruise tourism, the leisure industry\u2019s sector with the fastest
\ngrowth.<\/p>\n

Cruise tourism to Cuba is at its peak: the country has bet on the benefits of cruises as a
\npart of a tourist industry that has catapulted the damaged national economy; the cruise
\nlines have a new market in the Caribbean in their keenness to have an unlimited growth
\nof passengers, ships and profits, and both have escaped \u201cTrump\u2019s rage,\u201d the U.S.
\npresident\u2019s measures announced in June 2017 to rollback relations with Cuba which,
\nopportunely, exonerated the cruise and airline companies.<\/p>\n

International tourism to Cuba has witnessed a sustained growth in the last five years,
\npartly thanks to the measures of the Barack Obama government which in 2015 started
\nrelaxing travel to Cuba restrictions for Americans. The growth rate of international
\nvisitors in the last three years has been between 14 and 17 percent, some of the
\nhighest in the Caribbean, and in 2017 it reached the 4.690 million tourists.<\/p>\n

As part of this growth, the arrivals of cruise passengers has shot up since 2015, when
\nthe Obama government lifted the restrictions that banned ships that stopped in Cuba
\nfrom calling at U.S. ports, thus making it easier for U.S. cruise lines to include Cuba on
\ntheir itineraries.<\/p>\n

Between 2015 and 2017 the number of cruise passengers to Cuba increased fifteen
\nfold, to reach 437,000. In the first quarter of 2018 a total of 136,138 cruise
\npassengers arrived, representing a 28.6% growth in relation to the same period in
\n2017. Out of them, 25,040 did so from the United States, double the amount of
\nJanuary-March 2017. This despite a 7% drop in the total number of foreign
\nvisitors, and 43% of Americans, in the first three months of 2018.<\/p>\n

However, the number of cruise passengers is still small compared to the stay tourists,
\nalthough it is growing: from less than one percent until 2015 it reached 11 percent of the
\ntotal of international visitors in 2017.<\/p>\n

Cuba\u2019s income from cruise tourism comes from four principal sources: the passenger
\ntax, or head tax, paid at each port, port services, passengers and crew members\u2019
\nspending on land, and the jobs generated on board as well as on land. According to
\nAries Transporte S.A., the Cuban company in charge of the cruise operations in
\nCuba, the total incomes for the Cuban state-run enterprises during the 2016-2017
\ncruise season amounted to some $8.6 million, which represents less than three
\npercent of the total of incomes for international tourism of approximately $3
\nbillion in that period.<\/p>\n

But\u2026the numbers can be deceptive. Academic analysts have pointed out that the total
\nof incomes associated to tourism are incomplete and deficient and do not reflect its real
\nperformance. They do not collect, for example, what the visitors consume in non-state
\nestablishments like restaurants and cafeterias, nor the purchase of crafts, private
\ntransportation or accommodations in private homes. It is estimated that 34 percent of
\nthe international stay tourists are guests in private homes and eat in private restaurants,
\nwhich is why the figures of the total of tourist incomes is underestimated in at least a
\nbillion.<\/p>\n

In the case of cruise tourism, these inaccuracies in the figures are serious because the
\nstatistics come from different sources that do not include the same data nor agree among
\nthemselves. Even with the shortage of trustworthy figures it can be affirmed that cruise
\ntourism leaves the country much less incomes per passenger than the stay tourism.
\nHowever, the economic potential of cruise tourism for Cuba is unquestionable, because
\nof its contribution and the fast growth rate, which doesn\u2019t depend on the availability of
\naccommodations.<\/p>\n

But cruise tourism isn\u2019t a piece of pie, it also has its crust.<\/p>\n

Passengers\u2019 main spending goes to the cruise lines, in terms of what they pay for the
\npackage as well as the extras on board, which is significant. According to a Florida-
\nCaribbean Cruise Association (FCCA) study in 2010, cruise passengers spend an
\naverage of $1,770 per person each week for their trip, including spending on board and
\non land, but the spending on land averaged only $103.83 per passenger visit in the 35
\nCaribbean destinations.<\/p>\n

On the other hand, despite the cruise lines\u2019 affirmations, the cruise passengers rarely
\nreturn to the country. While the destinations help to sell cruises, very few passengers
\nreturned as stay tourists. They are two different market segments.<\/p>\n

Moreover, the cruises\u2019 \u201cecological footprint\u201d is strong and far-reaching, especially in
\nthe Caribbean, the destination of 35.5 percent of all the world\u2019s cruise ships. Firstly,
\nthere are the environmental impacts on the seas and oceans. An average cruise ship
\ntransports 2,200 passengers and 800 crew members. Each day it issues into the
\natmosphere more sulfur dioxide (SO2) than 13 million automobiles and more soot than
\na million. Each week, a cruise ship generates 8 million tons of solid wastes, 210,000
\ngallons of sewage and 25,000 gallons waters contaminated with hydrocarbons, most of
\nwhich is spilled into the open sea.<\/p>\n

In Cuba\u2019s case, the cruise ship operations in national parks and other sensitive zones of
\nimportance for biodiversity are particularly worrisome.<\/p>\n

Concern about the impact of cruise tourism on the reefs led the Cuban Ministry of
\nScience, Technology and Environment (CITMA) to issue on July 28, 2016 the
\nenvironmental Regulations for ship operations in the Protected Marine Areas. These
\ninclude the requirement that the cruise operators request the relevant Environmental
\nPermit and that the small and medium-size vessels have zones with mooring buoys for
\ntheir location, and in no case to drop anchor. And that \u201cthe arrival of cruise ships as a
\ngeneral rule will NOT be promoted in the protected areas.\u201d<\/p>\n

Cruise tourism also causes impacts on historic cities, unique and authentic inhabited
\nspaces, with a cultural legacy highly valued by the cruise industry, which turns them
\ninto a competitive factor. In Cuba, this is especially the case of Havana, Santiago de
\nCuba, Trinidad and Cienfuegos.<\/p>\n

On the one hand, cruise tourism generates direct economic benefits for the patrimonial
\ncity. However, urban planners have pointed out the threats tourism poses for the built
\nheritage and the urban infrastructure through the congestion it generates given their
\nlimited charge capacity, pressure on the demand for resources such as water, food and<\/p>\n

electricity, as well as the generation of solid wastes. But this occurs with cruise as well
\nas stay tourism, and is concerning because of its rapid growth on a par with the
\nbackwardness in adapting the infrastructures to accommodate it.<\/p>\n

With a view to maximizing benefits and minimizing costs and threats of cruise tourism,
\nCuba needs to take into account the lessons learned from cruise tourism in the
\nCaribbean and other destinations. While Cuba\u2019s bet on cruise tourism is correct on a
\nlong term because of its rapid growth potential, it should be as a complement of stay
\ntourism, which in the Caribbean leaves an average of 12 times more incomes per visitor
\nthan the cruise passenger.<\/p>\n

Also, it\u2019s worth promoting the local participation in the design and implementation of
\nthe cruise tourism activity. To maximize the economic contribution on land of
\npassengers and crew members, the offer of excursions, merchandise and quality services
\nin each stopover must be guaranteed, by the state-run as well as the private sector,
\nwhich is linked to the previous point of strengthening the destinations.<\/p>\n

Lastly, Cuba must work with other Caribbean states to develop common tourism
\npolicies and collective bargaining with the powerful cruise lines. Cuba\u2019s leading
\nposition in the Association of Caribbean States, its united position in the negotiation
\nwith the cruise lines and its prestige as a fair arbiter would facilitate it.<\/p>\n

Cruise tourism can generate considerable benefits for Cuba, depending on how it is
\nmanaged and used.<\/p>\n

Notes:<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.excelenciascuba.com\/noticia\/turismo-de-cruceros-en-el-caribe-%C2%BFoportunidades-o-amenazas-para-cuba%3F<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

*Aries Transportes S.A. (2017): Temporada de cruceros 2016-2017; Tarifas P\u00fablicas de Aries S.A. 2017. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

*ONEI (2016): <\/span><\/span>Anuario Estad\u00edstico de Cuba<\/i><\/span><\/span> 2015, chap. 15: \u201cTurismo, y c\u00e1lculos de los autores\u201d.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

*Florida-Caribbean Cruise Association. (2011): “Cruise Industry Overview, 2011. State of the Cruise Industry.\u201d http:\/\/www.f-cca.com\/downloads\/2011-overview-book_Cruise%20Industry%20Overview%20and%20Statistics.pdf.<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

*<\/a>BREA (October 2015): <\/span><\/span><\/span>Economic Contribution of Cruise Tourism to the Destination Economies<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/i>vol. 1, p. 45.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

*Friends of the Earth (2016): \u201c2016 Cruise Ship Report Card.\u201d http:\/\/www.foe.org\/cruise-report-card<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

On Friday, April 27, the book Por el Mar de las Antillas: 50 a\u00f1os de turismo de cruceros en el Caribe, by Martha Honey, Jannelle Wilkins, Jos\u00e9 Luis Perell\u00f3 and Rafael Betancourt, was presented in Havana. Brought out by the Temas publishing house and available in electronic format on www.responsibletravel.org, it is considered the first […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":197,"featured_media":185537,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13907],"tags":[12863,14830,72,14816,14831],"ppma_author":[33596,14829],"class_list":["post-185536","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tourism-in-cuba","tag-cruise-en","tag-cruise-tourism","tag-cuba-en","tag-cuban-economy","tag-tourism"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCruise Tourism to Cuba: the Sweet and the Sour | OnCubaNews English<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/economy\/tourism-in-cuba\/cruise-tourism-to-cuba-the-sweet-and-the-sour\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cruise Tourism to Cuba: the Sweet and the Sour | OnCubaNews English\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"On Friday, April 27, the book Por el Mar de las Antillas: 50 a\u00f1os de turismo de cruceros en el Caribe, by Martha Honey, Jannelle Wilkins, Jos\u00e9 Luis Perell\u00f3 and Rafael Betancourt, was presented in Havana. Brought out by the Temas publishing house and available in electronic format on www.responsibletravel.org, it is considered the first […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/economy\/tourism-in-cuba\/cruise-tourism-to-cuba-the-sweet-and-the-sour\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"OnCubaNews English\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-06-23T02:29:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-10-02T18:46:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Crucero-Otmaro2-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"584\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Rafael Betancourt, rafael-betancourt\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta 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PhD (ABD) en Econom\u00eda (University of Florida, EUA), M\u00e1ster en Ordenamiento Territorial y Urbanismo (ISPJAE, Cuba), Licenciado en Econom\u00eda (University of Florida, EUA). Fundador y Co-coordinador de la Red Cubana de Econom\u00eda Social y Solidaria - ESORSE, del Centro Investigaciones Psicol\u00f3gicas y Sociol\u00f3gicas (CIPS). Profesor auxiliar del Centro de Estudios Demogr\u00e1ficos (CEDEM) de la Universidad de La Habana. Miembro del Consejo Editorial Ampliado de la revista Temas. Investigador sobre temas de econom\u00eda social y solidaria, turismo sostenible y migraci\u00f3n internacional. Autor de diversos libros y art\u00edculos acad\u00e9micos y period\u00edsticos. Conferencista sobre econom\u00eda cubana en universidades de Am\u00e9rica y de Europa. 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