{"id":217383,"date":"2020-04-14T13:04:17","date_gmt":"2020-04-14T17:04:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/?p=217383"},"modified":"2020-04-14T13:04:17","modified_gmt":"2020-04-14T17:04:17","slug":"the-constitutional-homeland-cespedes-guaimaro-and-democracy-in-cuba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/our-life\/the-constitutional-homeland-cespedes-guaimaro-and-democracy-in-cuba\/","title":{"rendered":"The constitutional homeland. C\u00e9spedes, Gu\u00e1imaro and democracy in Cuba"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In \u201cElpidio Vald\u00e9s se casa\u201d (Elpidio Vald\u00e9s gets married; Juan Padr\u00f3n, Tulio Raggi and Mario Rivas, 1991) the mamb\u00ed Colonel and Captain Mar\u00eda Silvia need Prefect Gonz\u00e1lez to get married. The act is certified after a chain of adversities has been overcome and a series of legal requirements have been met, just before enemy fire on Tocororo Macho.<\/p>\n<p>The depth of the historical research carried out by Juan Padr\u00f3n (1947-2020) to conceive the series of Elpidio Vald\u00e9s, an already mythical story of Cuban culture, is extraordinary. This episode recognizes a key to the culture of Cuban independence: the central role granted in it to law and order.<\/p>\n<div class=\"jeg_video_container jeg_video_content\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Elpidio Vald\u00e9s se casa\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/HimTr5pFhC8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><strong>Militarism vs civic-mindedness?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Just six months after the start of the 1868 war, amid serious internal conflicts and with the East already facing the brutal Crescent of Valmaseda, the insurgent camp endowed itself in Gu\u00e1imaro with its first Constitution (April 10, 1869).<\/p>\n<p>This text covers a conflict that has been codified as \u201cmilitarism vs civic-mindedness.\u201d Carlos Manuel de C\u00e9spedes\u2019 option in favor of centralized organizational forms for the management of war would represent militarism. The civic would be Ignacio Agramonte\u2019s commitment to the limitation of individual power and in favor of parliamentary forms.<\/p>\n<p>At the start of the conflict, C\u00e9spedes proclaimed himself \u201cCaptain General.\u201d The exercise of his command aroused criticism from eastern leaders such as Francisco Vicente Aguilera, Francisco Maceo Osorio and Donato M\u00e1rmol. The latter, in a quickly corrected act, tried to declare himself dictator and establish a separate post for C\u00e9spedes.<\/p>\n<p>But also, while still Captain General, C\u00e9spedes was cheered patriotically during the events of the Villanueva Theater. [1] Then, when the Constitution of Gu\u00e1imaro was approved, he took off that insignia of the military chief from his suit and put is at the service of the House.<\/p>\n<p>However, for his critics, the accusation of \u201cauthoritarian\u201d defined the entire path of the leader. For its part, the colonialist press exploited this accusation at length.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_217385\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-217385\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/don-jun\u00edpero-habana-1869-24-10-1869_004-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-217385\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/don-jun\u00edpero-habana-1869-24-10-1869_004-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"634\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/don-jun\u00edpero-habana-1869-24-10-1869_004-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/don-jun\u00edpero-habana-1869-24-10-1869_004-1-300x186.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/don-jun\u00edpero-habana-1869-24-10-1869_004-1-768x476.jpg 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/don-jun\u00edpero-habana-1869-24-10-1869_004-1-750x464.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-217385\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cespedes \u201csultan of Bayamo,\u201d according to the colonialist approach. Don Jun\u00edpero. October 24, 1869.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Civic-mindedness under review<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The evidence confirms Agramonte\u2019s civic-mindedness. Jos\u00e9 Luciano Franco has explained his \u201cdemocratic republican creed\u201d that defended \u201camong other rights of man, that of resistance to oppression; administrative decentralization within unity of interests, ideas and feelings, in a State that must be founded on truth and justice.\u201d [2]<\/p>\n<p>In Gu\u00e1imaro a \u201cpure\u201d parliamentarism was not formed, as the principles of \u201ccivic-mindedness\u201d defended then were presented have been as \u201cpure.\u201d The Legislative was given powers typical of the Executive, such as the appointment and removal of the Chief of the Army.<\/p>\n<p>Nor was the regulation of the powers of the president \u201cpure,\u201d which in addition to making him \u201cprisoner\u201d of the House, deprived him of the usual powers of an executive, such as granting pardons. For C\u00e9spedes, clemency was \u201cthe most beautiful of the attributes of power.\u201d The Assembly denied that right, even for the House.<\/p>\n<p>Neither was it very \u201cparliamentary\u201d that Camag\u00fcey, with a population of between 26 and 27% of that of the East, and close to 5% of the entire Cuban population\u2015as Ramiro Guerra has pointed out\u2015had the same representation of delegates as the East in the Constituent Assembly of Gu\u00e1imaro.<\/p>\n<p>The result was an institutional regime that made M\u00e1ximo G\u00f3mez \u201calmost always\u201d not even know where the government was. Still less could he take orders from it.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Militarism under review<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>When he was elected the first President of the Republic of Cuba (in arms), C\u00e9spedes proclaimed: \u201cCuba has contracted, in the act of pledging the fight against the oppressor, the solemn commitment to consummate its independence or perish in the demand: in the act of having a democratic government, that of being republican.\u201d [3]<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_217387\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-217387\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/proclama-manuscrita-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-217387\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/proclama-manuscrita-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"370\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/proclama-manuscrita-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/proclama-manuscrita-1-300x108.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/proclama-manuscrita-1-768x278.jpg 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/proclama-manuscrita-1-750x271.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-217387\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Manuscript of the C\u00e9spedes\u2019 Address. Source: BNE.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The Eastern leader was also favorable to the parliamentary regime. His was the suggestion that the secretaries of the office be submitted to the approval of the House.<\/p>\n<p>Since 1868 C\u00e9spedes himself assured that with the uprising we can already \u201cenjoy one of the greatest assets that free peoples enjoy; that of freedom of the press.\u201d He considered that right as the \u201cshield of the defenseless peoples.\u201d [4]<\/p>\n<p>Such attention to rights was not just declarative. The mamb\u00ed press collects many different positions. In the name of that freedom, \u201cAnita\u201d Betancourt and Agramonte presented their famous plea for women\u2019s rights before the assembly in Gu\u00e1imaro. [5]<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e9spedes announced that \u201cwe want freedom in all spheres; we conceive political freedom as the crowning of the building, thus supporting civil freedom, at its foundation.\u2026\u201d Those principles, said the man of La Demajagua, \u201care, in our opinion, the foundation of public freedom.\u201d [6]<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/cespedes-apuntes-biograficos-carbonell-y-santovenia-1919_035-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-217388\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/cespedes-apuntes-biograficos-carbonell-y-santovenia-1919_035-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"834\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/cespedes-apuntes-biograficos-carbonell-y-santovenia-1919_035-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/cespedes-apuntes-biograficos-carbonell-y-santovenia-1919_035-1-300x244.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/cespedes-apuntes-biograficos-carbonell-y-santovenia-1919_035-1-768x626.jpg 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/cespedes-apuntes-biograficos-carbonell-y-santovenia-1919_035-1-750x611.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The revolutionary also defended in practice that set of rights. He himself set fire to his property\u2015a singular event in the history of any country, he freed those who were enslaved\u2015certainly an act of ownership, Rebecca Scott has pointed out, but that meant an earthquake for the slave economy, and he was consciously ruined.<\/p>\n<p>By 1871 the presence of the ex-slaves in the war had already generated the definitive anti-slavery character of that conflict, an incomprehensible process without C\u00e9spedes\u2019 impulse.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e9spedes argued with Salvador Cisneros Betancourt about the concrete practice of the right of free movement.<\/p>\n<p>Cisneros demanded not to leave the territory in arms at all. C\u00e9spedes said that the right of free movement was \u201cinalienable and imprescriptible,\u201d that it could only be curtailed \u201cin the name of extraordinary demands and higher transcendence.\u201d He concluded that denying it in a <em>general way<\/em> would be equivalent to the exercise of a \u201ctrue despotism.\u201d [7]<\/p>\n<p>In one of his reports of accountability to the House, C\u00e9spedes recognized the importance of the functioning of that body and criticized the <em>exaggerated<\/em> military decentralization, which could give rise to \u201cbastard ambitions that may arise.\u201d [8]<\/p>\n<p>In addition, he demanded the attention of the House about the War Councils and the conditions to suspend the <em>habeas corpus<\/em>. His intention was to avoid the creation of an \u201calmost dictatorial omnipotence of military power,\u201d which he considered to be inconsistent with the \u201cabsolutely democratic tendencies of our fundamental code.\u201d [9]<\/p>\n<p>None of this seems like an anti-rights language or practice.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/cespedes-apuntes-biograficos-carbonell-y-santovenia-1919_004-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-217389\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/cespedes-apuntes-biograficos-carbonell-y-santovenia-1919_004-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"570\" height=\"889\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/cespedes-apuntes-biograficos-carbonell-y-santovenia-1919_004-1.jpg 570w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/cespedes-apuntes-biograficos-carbonell-y-santovenia-1919_004-1-192x300.jpg 192w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 570px) 100vw, 570px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>A true label, but disregarded<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A historiographical line has advanced beyond the dichotomy of \u201cmilitarism vs civic-mindedness.\u201d According to Tirso Clemente, \u201cGu\u00e1imaro was not the scene of heated debates between civilians and militarists, democrats and exponents of despotism. There was no discussion of an ideal system of government; a formula accepted by the parties was taken there.\u201d [10]<\/p>\n<p>Before, Ramiro Guerra and S\u00e1nchez assured: \u201cIn Gu\u00e1imaro young people made politics, \u2018realistic,\u2019 very adapted to the current objectives of the political parties under similar conditions: to achieve positions, obtain advantages, make criteria prevail, win followers, secure majority and assume the greatest possible amount of power.\u201d [11]<\/p>\n<p>The conflicts of regional power\u2015the idea of \u200b\u200ba \u201chometown\u201d was very relevant at the time\u2015and around the control of the process of the revolution are crucial to understand Gu\u00e1imaro.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/guaimaro-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-217390\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/guaimaro-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"773\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/guaimaro-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/guaimaro-1-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/guaimaro-1-768x580.jpg 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/guaimaro-1-750x566.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Among current scholars, Rafael Acosta de Arriba has taken a decisive step to think beyond this dichotomy. He has argued that C\u00e9spedes had \u201ca clear republican and democratic projection.\u201d The same is said of Agramonte.<\/p>\n<p>It is a system of ideas that included, also in C\u00e9spedes, \u201cuniversal suffrage, government decided by the people, sovereignty and national integration, all of which have been practically hidden from his political thought.\u201d [12]<\/p>\n<p>The label \u201ccivic-mindedness vs militarism\u201d still weighs, which exposes the disunity of the patriotic forces that led to the falling through of the war of 1868.<\/p>\n<p>The explanation is true, but it loses sight of contents that those who were \u201ccivic-minded\u201d and \u201cmilitarists\u201d shared and that produced the miracle of Gu\u00e1imaro and, above all, the extraordinary fact of sustaining the war for ten long years in the midst of unspeakable hardships.<\/p>\n<p>One of those floors, common in C\u00e9spedes and Agramonte, is the idea of \u200b\u200bthe constitutional homeland, which involved devotion to the Republic and respect for its laws.<\/p>\n<p>The debate on the flag exemplifies this. The defense of the Narciso L\u00f3pez banner\u2015the \u201cnational\u201d as used and recognized to date in various regions of Cuba\u2015over C\u00e9spedes\u2019 ensign\u2015the \u201cregional\u201d specifically of the East\u2015ended with the first one being accepted by all, as the flag \u201cof the Republic.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>At the time, when the nation was just at the beginning of its construction process, harangues such as \u201cLong live Oriente\u201d or references to the \u201ctypical sons of Camag\u00fcey\u201d were common. It is necessary to be aware how the cry of \u00a1Viva Cuba Libre! was thus profoundly unifying. [13] As was the approval of a Constitution\u2015through negotiation\u2015for all regional trends.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/cuban-revolution-1868-con-bandera-1-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-217391\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/cuban-revolution-1868-con-bandera-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"743\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/cuban-revolution-1868-con-bandera-1-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/cuban-revolution-1868-con-bandera-1-1-300x218.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/cuban-revolution-1868-con-bandera-1-1-768x557.jpg 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/cuban-revolution-1868-con-bandera-1-1-120x86.jpg 120w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/cuban-revolution-1868-con-bandera-1-1-750x544.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>The Prefect Gonz\u00e1lez, the Law and Cuban democracy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Administrative Organization Law (August 7, 1869) created a territorial political structure that included prefectures and sub-prefectures. The character of Prefect Gonz\u00e1lez, from the Elpidio Vald\u00e9s episode, is based on that.<\/p>\n<p>As in any context, there were complaints about some prefects. One from Maragu\u00e1n (Camag\u00fcey), was singled out for returning freemen to their former masters. But also \u201csome freemen saw revolutionary prefects as their potential defenders, so that when they were mistreated they turned to them for justice.\u201d [14]<\/p>\n<p>The House of Representatives approved\u2014an all-out global event\u2014the law on civil marriage (1869) to which Elpidio and Mar\u00eda Silvia were \u201cforced.\u201d It was also agreed on the linked divorce\u2014another event\u2014among the causes of which was \u201cmutual dissent.\u201d [15]<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_217392\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-217392\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/carta-rodas-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-217392\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/carta-rodas-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/carta-rodas-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/carta-rodas-1-300x140.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/carta-rodas-1-768x359.jpg 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/carta-rodas-1-750x351.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-217392\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Proposal by Captain-General Caballero de Rodas to C\u00e9spedes, to leave the Revolution in exchange for the life of his son Oscar.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>C\u00e9spedes vetoed the civil marriage law with conservative criteria and secularism was not his bet, but that of Camag\u00fcey. Now then, Prefect Gonz\u00e1lez fulfilled\u2015in fiction\u2014the legitimate law with the same zeal that C\u00e9spedes did in reality.<\/p>\n<p>The man from Demajagua is considered the \u201cfather of the nation\u201d for accepting the sacrifice of his son Oscar before negotiating a deal for his salvation. [16] He must also be considered a friend of that collective\u2014and conflicting\u2014creation that is democracy in Cuba.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[1] <em>Album hist\u00f3rico fotogr\u00e1fico de la Guerra de Cuba desde su principio hasta el reinado de Amadeo I. <\/em>\u00a0(1872), La Antilla printer\u2019s, p. 21<\/p>\n<p>[2] Jos\u00e9 Luciano Franco (2009) \u201cLa Revoluci\u00f3n de Yara y la constituyente de Gu\u00e1imaro\u201d, En <em>Gu\u00e1imaro. Alborada en la historia constitucional cubana\u2026 <\/em>p. 107<\/p>\n<p>[3] Antonio Pirala (<em>Historia de la guerra de Cuba<\/em>, editor Felipe Gonz\u00e1lez Rojas, Madrid, volume I, 1895) transcribes this last phrase as \u201cthat of being a republic\u201d (p. 476). I copy it as I think I read it in the original manuscript, according to a document available in the National Library of Spain.<\/p>\n<p>[4] <em>El cubano libre<\/em>. Year 1. No. 3, October 25, 1868.<\/p>\n<p>[5] In Jos\u00e9 Luciano Franco (2009), \u201cLa Revoluci\u00f3n de Yara y la constituyente de Gu\u00e1imaro\u201d\u2026 p.112<\/p>\n<p>[6] <em>El cubano libre<\/em>. Year 1. No. 3, October 25, 1868<\/p>\n<p>[7] \u201cDe Carlos Manuel de C\u00e9spedes a Salvador Cisneros Betancourt\u201d (1919) In <em>Gu\u00e1imaro. Rese\u00f1a hist\u00f3rica de la primera Asamblea Constituyente y primera C\u00e1mara de Representantes de Cuba<\/em>, by N\u00e9stor Carbonell and Emeterio S. Santovenia, Havana: Seoane y Fern\u00e1ndez printer\u2019s, pp. 145-149<\/p>\n<p>[8] \u201cDel Presidente de la Rep\u00fablica a la C\u00e1mara de Representantes\u201d (1919) In <em>Gu\u00e1imaro. Rese\u00f1a hist\u00f3rica de la primera Asamblea Constituyente\u2026 <\/em>pp. 191-197<\/p>\n<p>[9] Ibid.<\/p>\n<p>[10] Tirso Clemente D\u00edaz (2009). \u201cLa labor constituyentista de Ignacio Agramonte\u201d In Agramonte\u201d, En <em>Gu\u00e1imaro. Alborada en la historia constitucional cubana<\/em> (Comp.s Andry Matilla Correa and Carlos Manuel Villabella Armengol), Camag\u00fcey: Universidad de Camag\u00fcey publishers, p. 161<\/p>\n<p>[11] <em>Historia de la naci\u00f3n cubana<\/em>. (1952) (Ramiro Guerra and others), tome V, Havana: Historia de la Naci\u00f3n Cubana, S.A. publishers, p. 82<\/p>\n<p>[12] Rafael Acosta de Arriba, (2019) \u201cEl angustioso y dif\u00edcil camino hacia Gu\u00e1imaro en 1869\u201d, in <em>Cuando la luz del mundo crece<\/em>, Camag\u00fcey: El Lugare\u00f1o publishers.<\/p>\n<p>[13] A Spanish eyewitness would say: \u201cThe uprising of the Eastern Department\u2026was frank and of course open: the flag of independence was raised to the voice of Viva Cuba libre! The insurgents of the Central Department also said Viva Cuba libre!\u201d In <em>Album hist\u00f3rico fotogr\u00e1fico de la Guerra de\u2026<\/em> p. 43<\/p>\n<p>[14] Rebecca Scott (2001) <em>La emancipaci\u00f3n de los esclavos en Cuba<\/em>, Havana: Caminos publishers, p. 81<\/p>\n<p>[15] Julio Fern\u00e1ndez Bult\u00e9 (2005). <em>Historia del Estado y el Derecho en Cuba<\/em>, Havana, F\u00e9lix Varela publishers, p. 124<\/p>\n<p>[16] \u201cOscar is not my only son, all Cubans who die for our nation\u2019s freedoms are.\u201d <em>Carlos Manuel de C\u00e9spedes. Escritos<\/em>. (1982), (Comp. Fernando Portuondo and Hortensia Pichardo), Volume II, Havana: Ciencias Sociales publishers, p. 74<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In \u201cElpidio Vald\u00e9s se casa\u201d (Elpidio Vald\u00e9s gets married; Juan Padr\u00f3n, Tulio Raggi and Mario Rivas, 1991) the mamb\u00ed Colonel and Captain Mar\u00eda Silvia need Prefect Gonz\u00e1lez to get married. The act is certified after a chain of adversities has been overcome and a series of legal requirements have been met, just before enemy fire [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":80,"featured_media":217384,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17953],"tags":[14908,22988],"ppma_author":[33569,17952],"class_list":["post-217383","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-our-life","tag-cuban-constitution","tag-cuban-history"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The constitutional homeland. 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