{"id":221773,"date":"2020-05-26T10:37:15","date_gmt":"2020-05-26T14:37:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/?p=221773"},"modified":"2020-05-26T10:37:15","modified_gmt":"2020-05-26T14:37:15","slug":"on-africa-day-we-are-all-a-bit-loquat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/on-africa-day-we-are-all-a-bit-loquat\/","title":{"rendered":"On Africa Day. \u201cWe are all a bit loquat\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>It would be commonplace to affirm that the racial question has historically been one of Cuban culture\u2019s tough problems. The subject, of increasing importance as of the 19th century, has gone through different stages vis \u00e0 vis the very complex process of construction of national identity. One of its correlates, racism, systematized prejudices forged from the perspective of a hegemonic white culture, which early on anathematized black individuals and practiced the exclusion of African slaves and their descendants from the national project, as evinced in the thought Jos\u00e9 Antonio Saco, one of the most controversial figures in our sugar aristocracy.<\/p>\n<p>The Cuban case, however, has a kind of historical irony: the wars of independence would be the foundation of the nation, which inevitably meant the incorporation and participation of blacks, a distinctive feature of Cuban anti-colonial emancipation with respect, for example, to that of the Thirteen Colonies. In the process of constructing national identity, the 1895 War, organized from exile by Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed, was particularly relevant, and it was led by popular sectors.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_221777\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-221777\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mambises-1-1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-221777\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mambises-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"809\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mambises-1-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mambises-1-1-300x237.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mambises-1-1-768x607.jpg 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Mambises-1-1-750x593.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-221777\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mamb\u00ed liberation fighters, 1895. Photo: Archive.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Despite the very high presence of black and mestizo fighters in the Liberation Army, and of Mart\u00ed\u2019s anti-racist thought to cement internal unity in the face of Spanish colonial rule (\u201cman is more than white, more than black&#8230;.\u201d), academic research has been emphasizing that the war did not manage to bury the specter of discrimination, as confirmed by examining the proportion of high military ranks among blacks and whites, as shown by a classic <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Cuba-insurgente-raza-nacion-revolucion-1868-1898\/dp\/9590612016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">book<\/a> by Cuban researcher Ada Ferrer.<\/p>\n<p>The Republic prolonged this obstacle since at the beginning of the 20th century the elites discussed Cuban identity in a peculiar way\u2015the question was, Europe or the United States? \u2015until scholar Don Fernando Ortiz established that the island could not be understood without the African presence, time and time again ignored in the identity discourses in use.<\/p>\n<p>He then coined an expression in my opinion much more academic than vital: \u201cAfro-Cubans\u201d. Not very precise, fundamentally, for two reasons: the first, because the national cultural process involved that fusion of Spain and Africa that he himself underlined so much and that would result in the Cuban-transcultural reality-other. The Cuban was, therefore, an integration of both (and others). And the second, because the Cuban blacks, unlike the Americans and even the Caribbean ones, as an overwhelming tendency did not return to Africa to consider it that lost paradise to which one had to return in the eternal search for happiness.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_221778\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-221778\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Barco-1-1-1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-221778\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Barco-1-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Barco-1-1-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Barco-1-1-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Barco-1-1-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Barco-1-1-1-750x422.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-221778\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The slave trade. Photo: Archive.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Although there were no expressions of extreme segregation in the Republic, such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/early-20th-century-us\/jim-crow-laws\">Jim Crow<\/a> laws in the southern United States, and the double standards that led to miscegenation\u2015that which led Nicol\u00e1s Guill\u00e9n to declare, in a famous foreword, that here we \u201care all a little loquat\u201d\u2015continued there, and racial prejudice permeated social relations as a persistent stain.<\/p>\n<p>The Revolution of 1959 pronounced early on eliminating it through actions, access to beaches, public places and laws; but racism, as with any ideology, would end up reproducing itself in a \u201cnatural\u201d way, beyond the structural reasons that based it and made it possible in various specific contexts. The 1990s did indeed show several signs of setbacks in this area, many of which continue until this day.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_221779\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-221779\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Hammel-1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-221779\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Hammel-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"684\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Hammel-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Hammel-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Hammel-1-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Hammel-1-750x501.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-221779\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Callej\u00f3n de Hammel, Centro Habana. Photo: Flickr.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>If anything characterizes Cuban society, it is its heterogeneity and the awareness of its multiplicity of identities. The racial issue is just one of the many that require a constant profile and social discussion, so that based on this, there can emerge proposals of solutions alien to the carbon copy of realities that do not necessarily articulate with an accumulated culture.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It would be commonplace to affirm that the racial question has historically been one of Cuban culture\u2019s tough problems. The subject, of increasing importance as of the 19th century, has gone through different stages vis \u00e0 vis the very complex process of construction of national identity. One of its correlates, racism, systematized prejudices forged from [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3462,"featured_media":221776,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"subtitle":"","format":"standard","video":"","gallery":"","source_name":"","source_url":"","via_name":"","via_url":"","override_template":"0","override":[{"template":"1","single_blog_custom":"","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"0","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"top","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","show_post_reading_time":"0","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","show_zoom_button":"0","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_author_box":"0","show_post_related":"0","show_inline_post_related":"0"}],"override_image_size":"0","image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post":"0","trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post":"0","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","sponsored_post_name":"","sponsored_post_url":"","sponsored_post_logo_enable":"0","sponsored_post_logo":"","sponsored_post_desc":""},"jnews_primary_category":{"id":""},"jnews_social_meta":{"fb_title":"","fb_description":"","fb_image":"","twitter_title":"","twitter_description":"","twitter_image":""},"jnews_override_counter":{"override_view_counter":"0","view_counter_number":"0","override_share_counter":"0","share_counter_number":"0","override_like_counter":"0","like_counter_number":"0","override_dislike_counter":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"footnotes":""},"categories":[13902],"tags":[31697,8863],"ppma_author":[33935,18535],"class_list":["post-221773","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cuba","tag-africa-day","tag-cuban-society"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>On Africa Day. \u201cWe are all a bit 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