
{"id":236306,"date":"2021-03-19T19:04:13","date_gmt":"2021-03-19T23:04:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/?p=236306"},"modified":"2021-03-19T19:04:13","modified_gmt":"2021-03-19T23:04:13","slug":"afro-descendant-women-in-cuba-and-the-task-of-reorganization-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/afro-descendant-women-in-cuba-and-the-task-of-reorganization-i\/","title":{"rendered":"Afro-descendant women in Cuba and the Task of Reorganization (I)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Afro-descendant women make up one of the vulnerable population sectors in Cuba. If we understand poverty as a \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/biblat.unam.mx\/hevila\/Nuevasociedad\/2008\/no216\/11.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">situation generated in part by the lack of productive assets or inability to efficiently use those they<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201c and vulnerability as a \u201c<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.revflacso.uh.cu\/index.php\/EDS\/article\/view\/254\/7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">situation characterized by the susceptibility to suffer some damage or harm given the reduced capacity to adjust or adapt to certain circumstances<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u201d we can say that this population group <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipscuba.net\/sociedad\/insuficientes-estudios-sobre-desigualdades-por-color-de-la-piel-en-cuba\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">has reached the crisis<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> caused by <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/coronavirus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">COVID-19<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in a situation of impoverishment and with gaps that respond, fundamentally, to sex, gender, and race.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"7rzVRHr0HP\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/no-filter\/the-pandemic-does-not-discriminate-inequalities-do-women-cushioning-the-crisis\/\">The pandemic does not discriminate; inequalities do: women cushioning the crisis<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;The pandemic does not discriminate; inequalities do: women cushioning the crisis&#8221; &#8212; OnCubaNews English\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/no-filter\/the-pandemic-does-not-discriminate-inequalities-do-women-cushioning-the-crisis\/embed\/#?secret=ySjEjU7p03#?secret=7rzVRHr0HP\" data-secret=\"7rzVRHr0HP\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cuba, which has been immersed in economic readjustments since 2010-2011, has proposed a new strategy to update the model in a crisis situation exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, in July 2020 the government and the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) approved the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mep.gob.cu\/sites\/default\/files\/Documentos\/Archivos\/tabloide_estrategia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">new economic and social strategy<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, dividing it into two basic stages: the first related to the immediate recovery of economic activity through the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/tag\/desescalada\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de-escalation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the measures associated with the pandemic, and the second linked to the strengthening of the national economy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As part of these reforms, President Miguel D\u00edaz-Canel announced in December 2020 the start of the \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/tag\/reordering-task\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Task of Reorganization<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the economic and monetary sphere and, at the same time, the start of \u201cZero Day\u201d in which the monetary unification would begin.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some of the main measures that have been taken, and that are related to this analysis, are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decentralization of the administrative allocation of resources, although the centralized planning of the State continues.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Linking the different economic actors among themselves, both state and non-state.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Autonomy of the management of the business sector.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monetary unification.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sale of medium and high-end products in freely convertible currency: foreign currency exchange currency interpreted as partial <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/partial-dollarization-of-cubas-economy-vs-monetary-reunification\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dollarization<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Improvement and expansion of self-employment and non-agricultural cooperatives.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elimination of subsidies and undue gratuities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Designing the implementation of these measures implies recognizing social inequalities and pre-existing economic crises. In fact, Cuban President Miguel D\u00edaz-Canel has recognized in his <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cubadebate.cu\/noticias\/2020\/07\/16\/gobierno-cubano-informa-nuevas-medidas-economicas-video\/#.X3flWmhKjIW\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">speeches<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that these are not measures that will benefit the most disadvantaged segments of the population in the short or medium term. By the way, economic analyst Pedro Monreal <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/elestadocomotal.com\/2020\/06\/11\/cuba-siete-graficos-para-descifrar-la-capacidad-de-un-plan-de-recuperacion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">has warned<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> about the need to include a perspective of the distributive effect of the measures and an evaluation regarding the inclusive growth test that reaches the most vulnerable sectors of society.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under these premises and given the scarce publication of official statistics, it is complex to verify that racialized women proportionally swell several of these vulnerable groups and that they have been among the least favored with the economic readjustments of recent years. However, some data taken from partial surveys and studies by non-state organizations, and others from official censuses, allow us to describe a part of the social scene where the effects of these measures will be felt. Although the data are not always disaggregated simultaneously according to skin color and sex, several indicators, if they intersect, confirm these overlapping inequalities, as we will see below.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Economic changes, currency exchange and inequalities<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Starting in 2010, as part of the strategies implemented to make the Cuban state sector more efficient, the overdrawn workforce of state workers was deflated, declaring them \u201cinterrupted\u201d and \u201cavailable\u201d to reduce wage costs and increase the enterprises\u2019 productivity. It would be the new <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/tag\/private-sector\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">private and cooperative sector<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that would absorb this liberated workforce, increasing the supply of goods and services.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/es\/publicaciones\/series_pasadas\/documentos\/america_latina\/las_reformas_de_raul_castro_y_el_congreso_del_partido_comunista_de_cuba_avances_obstaculos_y_resultados\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">caused<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a large-scale exodus to the non-state sector\u2014specifically the \u201cself-employed\u201d\u2014of people who were left unemployed. It is estimated that in 2011 a total of 500,000 state employees were downsized in Cuba and it was expected that by 2015 the figure would rise to 1.8 million. Researcher <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/author\/ailynn-t\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ailynn Torres Santana <\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/no-filter\/doing-the-math-and-creatively-living-from-update-to-reorganization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">estimates that<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u201c1.1 million people left the state sector between 2010 and 2019,\u201d although just a little more than half of the unemployed managed to enter the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/tag\/self-employment-in-cuba\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">self-employed<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> sector.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Until now, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/progresosemanal.us\/20140930\/y-los-trabajadores-donde-van-parar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">it has not been possible to verify<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> who were the people most affected by this policy, whether they were mostly men or women, people of African descent or not. However, there is a hypothesis that <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/atorressantana.com\/regimenes-de-bienestar-en-cuba-mujeres-y-desigualdades\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">women<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were certainly the most affected and that racialized people have been the ones who have been able to benefit to a lesser extent from the articulated changes<\/span><b>1<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that we will analyze below.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Population mobility, access to capital and new inequalities<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The expansion of activities for the private sector derived from the 6th Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) in 2010 came hand in hand with the elimination of restrictions to travel abroad in 2013. This conditioned that the benefits of traveling abroad <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar\/clacso\/becas\/20131004012852\/Informe.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">transcended the merely personal<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and supportive sphere of daily life, to become a way of accumulating <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.odi.org\/sites\/odi.org.uk\/files\/resource-documents\/202002_odi_economic_empowerment_in_cuba_translation_v3_web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">initial investment capital<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for private businesses. However, all these measures <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar\/clacso\/becas\/20131004012852\/Informe.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">deepened<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> some levels of inequality in Cuban society.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to the 2018 <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.onei.gob.cu\/sites\/default\/files\/08_informe_completo.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">national survey on migration<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, of the total number of Cubans who traveled abroad in order to attend to their own businesses, 65% were men, and only 35% were women. At the same time, white people were the majority among those who traveled abroad.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.econstor.eu\/bitstream\/10419\/193161\/1\/1066494339.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">survey<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from 2019 by the German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) confirmed racial inequalities. Of the total respondents, 31% of white people said they had traveled abroad since the 2013 reforms, in stark contrast to 3% of Afro-descendants who also declared having done so.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The performance of remittances also reflects this inequality. The GIGA survey <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.econstor.eu\/bitstream\/10419\/193161\/1\/1066494339.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">showed that<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, of the total number of respondents who reported receiving remittances, 78% were white and only 22% were Afro-descendant. A <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.odi.org\/sites\/odi.org.uk\/files\/resource-documents\/202002_odi_economic_empowerment_in_cuba_translation_v3_web.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">study<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> carried out in 2020 showed that Cuban men receive more economic support from abroad than women. 42% of men had been able to accumulate more capital to start a business through remittances, while women only 22%.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Likewise, the possibility of starting a business in Cuba through <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.odi.org\/sites\/odi.org.uk\/files\/resource-documents\/202002_odi_economic_empowerment_in_cuba_translation_v3_web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">savings<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has been more recurrent in men than in women. The study carried out by GIGA also <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.econstor.eu\/bitstream\/10419\/193161\/1\/1066494339.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">showed<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that, while 62% of Afro-descendants and 12% of whites kept savings of less than 100 CUC; 45% of white people did so with savings of more than 500 CUC and of Afro-descendants only 8% had it in that range. In other words, white men are the ones with the greatest capacity to save in Cuba; and if we interpret racial and gender biases, Afro-descendant women are perhaps the most disadvantaged.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Housing and its relationship with economic readjustment<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another change that <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.econstor.eu\/bitstream\/10419\/193161\/1\/1066494339.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">facilitated<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the prosperity of some private economic activities was the possibility of buying and selling homes. However, not all people benefited equally from this measure. Two of the most lucrative and prosperous self-employment activities have been the leasing of rooms, spaces and homes, and the preparation and sale of food in paladares, restaurants and bars, all of which can be carried out within the limits of a property.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, the 2016 <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.onei.gob.cu\/sites\/default\/files\/publicacion_completa_color_de_la_piel__0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">population and housing census according to skin color<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> revealed that the distribution of housing types presented racial inequities. While white families occupied more dwellings classified as houses; the apartments and rooms in tenement houses were overrepresented by black families and the palm-thatched huts by mestizas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The worst housing conditions and overcrowding are also <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.onei.gob.cu\/sites\/default\/files\/publicacion_completa_color_de_la_piel__0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">concentrated<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in households headed by Afro-descendants. According to the aforementioned census: \u201cThe homes of black people are smaller than those of whites and especially than those of mulattoes.\u201d Regarding the conditions, an <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.onei.gob.cu\/sites\/default\/files\/publicacion_completa_color_de_la_piel__0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">indicator<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that illustrates inequality is related to makeshift housing: \u201cThe makeshift housing headed by black and mestizo people is double those of whites.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In general, they are data that show the disparity of conditions that Afro-descendants present to start their own private business or a micro or small business within their homes. In addition, they illustrate a social inequality fundamentally marked by skin color.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If we link what was stated in previous paragraphs in relation to access to the exchange currency, income inequality and the possibility of acquiring a property through the buying and selling authorized since 2011, the inequalities are repeated.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Disadvantages in care<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is equally important to highlight the disproportions in unpaid work, understood as domestic and care work. The 2016 <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.onei.gob.cu\/node\/14271\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">national survey on gender equality<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> found that women spend 14 more hours a week in care work than men. Specifically, women working at home without pay spend about 18 hours a week, and women with paid jobs spend 10 hours. The gap is notorious.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"ht1Zbq9NIV\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/opinion\/columnas\/sin-filtro\/somos-baratas\/\">Somos baratas<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"\u00abSomos baratas\u00bb \u2014 OnCubaNews\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/opinion\/columnas\/sin-filtro\/somos-baratas\/embed\/#?secret=F0judglwoZ#?secret=ht1Zbq9NIV\" data-secret=\"ht1Zbq9NIV\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to the 2012 <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.onei.gob.cu\/sites\/default\/files\/informe_nacional_censo_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Population and Housing Census<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, households headed by single women (divorced, separated, single and widowed) represented 62.8% of all single heads of households, compared to 37.2% of those made up of men. However, it is Afro-descendant women who represent the largest amount. Of the total number of women over 15 years of age according to skin color, black women concentrate a proportion of 49.1% as single heads of households, compared to 40.9% and 39.5% of mestizo and white women, respectively.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Facing care work or the double shift, as the case may be, being the single head of the household and adding the disadvantages mentioned above due to racial biases means greater precariousness and a more acute displacement towards the social margins.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To be continued\u2026<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">*In the second part of this text we will address how the Cuban government has dealt with these challenges and how to reorient some policies to benefit this sector of the Cuban population.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Note:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>1<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Romay, Z., <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elogio de la altea o las paradojas de la racialidad<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Casa de las Am\u00e9ricas Editorial Collection, Havana, 2014.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Under what conditions do Afro-descendant women get to the Task of Reorganization in Cuba<br \/>\nand how can economic policies be reoriented to really benefit this sector?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3847,"featured_media":236389,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13902],"tags":[34104,19889,33481,18273,33530],"ppma_author":[34088],"class_list":["post-236306","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cuba","tag-afro-descendant-women","tag-cuban-women","tag-economic-reorganization","tag-gender-in-cuba","tag-reordering-task"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Afro-descendant 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