
{"id":244469,"date":"2021-10-07T17:35:26","date_gmt":"2021-10-07T21:35:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/?p=244469"},"modified":"2021-10-07T17:35:26","modified_gmt":"2021-10-07T21:35:26","slug":"cuban-american-status-in-literature","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba-usa\/cuban-american-status-in-literature\/","title":{"rendered":"Cuban-American status in literature"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the late 1970s and mid-1980s, a new phenomenon began to emerge in the United States among Cubans, a reflection of cultural processes characteristic of the crossover. It is about the existence of a human group, descended in this case from the historical exile, which vindicated for itself the category of Cuban-Americans, in a similar sense as had already happened with the descendants of other ethnic groups emigrated to the Union such as Italians, Poles and Asians, in whom the awareness of their own, specific and differentiated identity was already part of the so-called melting pot, according to what Brazilian sociologist Darcy Ribeiro once called \u201ctransplanted peoples,\u201d that is, formed based on a strong and dissimilar migratory component and historically nurtured by different waves from various regions of the planet.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This process appears documented in various social moments, one of them \u2014 and certainly not the least important \u2014 in a joke by Cuban comedian Guillermo \u00c1lvarez Guedes, that kind of Bernal D\u00edaz del Castillo of the exile, who alludes to the new reality with a sense of criticism, sarcasm and distancing, since assimilation implied in some way to de-exile and take root in the host culture, often through relationships with American men and women, or with other Latinos. But the Cuban actor does it his way, adopting bilingualism in his now famous \u201cCuban language\u201d lessons.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"jeg_video_container jeg_video_content\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Clases De Idioma Cubano\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/UzSIh5dUxoo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perhaps due to its immediacy, movies were, so to speak, in the forefront with the premiere of the film <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">El Super<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (1979), by Le\u00f3n Ichaso, an essential text on generational processes in the United States and a work not surpassed artistically by <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">all<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Cuban films made later in this country.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_358449\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-358449\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyloaded wp-image-358449 size-large\" title=\"Le\u00f3n Ichaso, the director of the film El Super. Photo: YouTube.\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ichaso-1024x576.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ichaso-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ichaso-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ichaso-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ichaso-750x422.jpg 750w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ichaso-1140x641.jpg 1140w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ichaso.jpg 1280w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ichaso-1024x576.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ichaso-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ichaso-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ichaso-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ichaso-750x422.jpg 750w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ichaso-1140x641.jpg 1140w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ichaso.jpg 1280w\" data-pin-no-hover=\"true\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-358449\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Le\u00f3n Ichaso, the director of the film El Super. Photo: YouTube.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In literature, this identity category has its first expression in the anthology <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Los atrevidos<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (1988), by Carolina Hospital. This very interesting book collects a sample of the literary work of a group of Cubans who dared to write in English for the first time, having been born on the island and gone to the United States at an early age. And it would set the tone for later anthologies, such as <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Little Havana Blues<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (1996) by Virgil Su\u00e1rez and Delia L\u00f3pez, a selection of thirty-two authors who wrote in English \u2014 some already known, some new, many who left Cuba after 1960.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This generation, called 1.5 and located halfway between its native culture and that of the host society, would be reflected on a theoretical level above all in the essay work of Gustavo P\u00e9rez Firmat (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Cuban Condition. Translation and Identity in Modern Cuban Literature<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 1989, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lyfe on the Hyphen. The Cuban-American Way<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 1994).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Written based on from an epistemological cut from Sociology, 1.5 by Gustavo P\u00e9rez Firmat (1949) has been subjected to criticism for several reasons: for constituting a construct that excludes terms such as gender, race and sexual orientation; for being deeply rooted in nostalgia; for having as a model the migration before Mariel; and for taking as one of its paradigms Ricky Ricardo, one of the two leading characters in \u201cI Love Lucy,\u201d the popular television series where Desi Arnaz, from Santiago de Cuba and whose parents had to flee to the United States after Machado\u2019s fall, stars.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_358436\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-358436\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyloaded wp-image-358436 size-full\" title=\"Desiderio Alberto Arnaz y de Acha (1917-1986), better known for his character as Ricky Ricardo, and his wife Lucille Ball (1911-1989). Photo: Archive.\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ricky-Lucy.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ricky-Lucy.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ricky-Lucy-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ricky-Lucy-768x433.jpg 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ricky-Lucy-750x423.jpg 750w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"577\" data-src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ricky-Lucy.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ricky-Lucy.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ricky-Lucy-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ricky-Lucy-768x433.jpg 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Ricky-Lucy-750x423.jpg 750w\" data-pin-no-hover=\"true\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-358436\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Desiderio Alberto Arnaz y de Acha (1917-1986), better known for his character as Ricky Ricardo, and his wife Lucille Ball (1911-1989). Photo: Archive.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ricky \u2014 or Desi, it\u2019s almost the same \u2014 was perceived, however, by Anglo culture with an exotic and paternalistic mixture, mediations that have long been active in the mainstream when it comes to accounting for Cuban and Latin American otherness, since in the silent movies the Latin lover had acquired an overwhelming importance under the influence of actors like Rudolf Ruddy Valentino and C\u00e9sar Romero.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_358431\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-358431\" style=\"width: 900px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyloaded wp-image-358431 size-full\" title=\"The Cuban-American actor C\u00e9sar Romero (1907-1994). Photo: Archive.\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Romero.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Romero.jpg 900w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Romero-300x250.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Romero-768x640.jpg 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Romero-750x625.jpg 750w\" alt=\"\" width=\"900\" height=\"750\" data-src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Romero.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Romero.jpg 900w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Romero-300x250.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Romero-768x640.jpg 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Romero-750x625.jpg 750w\" data-pin-no-hover=\"true\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-358431\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Cuban-American actor C\u00e9sar Romero (1907-1994). Photo: Archive.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perhaps it is not idle to emphasize here that he is a musician, moreover a conga drum musician, who spoke, both in the series and in life, a heavily accented English \u2014 it was one of the attributes of his way of being a comedian \u2014, but placed in that mainstream thanks to a marital union with a redhead who on screen is always as accommodating as she is life-sparing with a husband who at the end of the day did not act as such. However, neither these nor other problems prevent his figure being legitimately claimed, not only by historical Cuban Americans, but also by others such as Mellow Man Ace, a native of Pinar del R\u00edo registered in his province as Ulpiano Sergio Reyes, but who calls himself the \u201cRicky Ricardo of rap.\u201d And the reason is that the integration\/fusion factor outweighs, without a doubt, its almost cartoonish length and the fact of not being seen, despite everything, as a peer. All things considered, that was \u2014 as Louis A. P\u00e9rez, Jr. has pointed out \u2014 the same problem that marked the Cuban imitation of American models, paroxysmal at the end of the 1950s.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This generation 1.5 is distinguished by its bicultural condition \u2014 the two faces of the Cuban Juno, according to Professor Eliana Rivero \u2014, that is, by moving between two systems of reference and essentially different values. From then to date the category has been widely welcomed in literary studies, starting with already classic investigations such as those of Isabel \u00c1lvarez Borland, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cuban-American Narratives of Exile. From Persona to Persona<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (1998), which gave an account of a hitherto unprecedented phenomenon: the boom in Cuban-American writers in the 1990s, embodied in the works of Pablo Medina (1948), Roberto Fern\u00e1ndez (1951), Oscar Hijuelos (1951-2013), Achy Obejas (1956), Cristina Garc\u00eda (1958) and P\u00e9rez Firmat himself, among others, and that cannot be understood if the sociocultural processes that have been active since then are ignored, based on the Hispanic presence and its powerful impact on cultural industries, including literature printed by publishers such as Arte Publico Press and others that, without necessarily classifying among the largest, increasingly began to incorporate ethnic writers into their catalogs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a problem that is often quite delicate, which moreover cannot be faced with archaic molds, much less with lack of knowledge about the complexities of the host society and in particular of the processes of construction of fragmented identities that characterize it. The generation of those people who were taken out of the country during their childhood or early adolescence, experienced a process of socialization in a language other than that of their parents, even though they did not abandon Spanish at home.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is another that becomes part of another sociological-cultural category, commonly called ABC (American Born Cubans) or CBA (Cuban-bred Americans). This is undoubtedly the case of narrator Ana Men\u00e9ndez (1970), in whose first book of stories, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In Cuba I Was a German Shepherd<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (2001), there are numerous traces of distancing from an identity discourse that evokes in many ways the pioneering work of Roberto Fern\u00e1ndez, especially his <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Raining Backwards<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Also, in his own way, that of Richard Blanco (1968), not born on the island, but \u201cmade in Cuba, assembled in Spain and imported to the United States,\u201d one of the most interesting Cuban-American poets of the time and author of books such as <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">City of One Hundred Fires<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (1998), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Directions to the Beach of the Dead<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (2005) and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How to Love a Country<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (2019) and the poem \u201cMatters of the Sea,\u201d read by him at the opening ceremony of the Embassy of the United States in Havana.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"jeg_video_container jeg_video_content\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Richard Blanco reads his poem &quot;Cosas del Mar&quot; for the opening of the U.S. Embassy in Cuba.\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/LUZ1vNqFh60?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In literature, this identity category has its first expression in the anthology \u201cLos atrevidos\u201d (1988), by Carolina Hospital. This very interesting book collects a sample of the literary work of a group of Cubans who dared to write in English for the first time.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3462,"featured_media":244472,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13944],"tags":[18687],"ppma_author":[33935],"class_list":["post-244469","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cuba-usa","tag-cuban-american-people"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Cuban-American status in literature | OnCubaNews English<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In literature, this identity category has its first expression in the anthology \u201cLos atrevidos\u201d (1988), by Carolina Hospital. 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