{"id":249239,"date":"2022-02-14T15:59:52","date_gmt":"2022-02-14T20:59:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/?p=249239"},"modified":"2022-02-14T15:59:52","modified_gmt":"2022-02-14T20:59:52","slug":"jose-martis-black-mother-in-ybor-city","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/jose-martis-black-mother-in-ybor-city\/","title":{"rendered":"Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed\u2019s black mother in Ybor City"},"content":{"rendered":"

During the 19th century, Cubans in exile were not exempt from socio-class determinations. <\/span>Historical research<\/span><\/a> has suggested a geographic settlement pattern based on the characteristics of that exile. A small group of supporters of the independence movement, wealthy and with enough accumulated wealth, settled in Europe. A second, made up of businessmen and middle-class men, chose the United States as their place of establishment, especially cities like New York, Boston, and Philadelphia. A third, much more numerous and made up of workers, settled in the southern United States, especially in Key West and, a little later, in Tampa.<\/span><\/p>\n

1886 marks an important year in many ways for the latter group. The abolition of slavery forced thousands of slaves on the island to join a labor force practically all at once. Some remained on their old plantations and experienced little change in their daily routines; others chose to migrate to towns and cities in the hope of improving their standard of living.<\/span><\/p>\n

As a result of its whitening policies, between 1882 and 1894 the Spanish government continued to recruit Spaniards to establish themselves in \u201cthe always faithful.\u201d Historians document up to 250,000 Spaniards arriving on the island during that period due to the policy of facilitating their mobility by paying for their tickets. As a result, just two years after slavery was abolished, around 1888, between the influx of former slaves into the labor market, the arrival of Spanish immigrants, and jobless white Cubans, unemployment in the Colony had reached epic proportions, the perfect shutter for the exit abroad of a motley mass of people.<\/span><\/p>\n

Indeed, starting in 1886, hundreds of Cubans, both black and white, began to move to Ybor City in search of work in the red brick factories, recently founded by the Valencian Vicente Mart\u00ednez Ybor and his colleagues for the production of cigars. In fact, for obvious reasons they were initially the largest ethnic group in the Tampa Bay area with some 1,313 residing in Ybor City. Some came from Cuba and others from Key West factories, destroyed as a result of the great 1886 fire, the most devastating in the history of the town and that for twelve hours burned more than 50 acres and destroyed most of the commercial area.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Ybor City cigar makers, early 20th century. Photo: Archive<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Of the demographics of Ybor at the time, it is estimated that about 15% was made up of <\/span>black-skinned Cubans. <\/span><\/a>The nascent city was a true enclave that, at first, defied the segregationist practices of the American South. Black Cuban cigar workers worked \u201cside by side\u201d with whites and earned the same wages. Black Cubans and their families also lived among white Cubans and other European immigrants, all white. A testimony of the black Cuban <\/span>Hip\u00f3lito Arenas<\/span><\/a> reaffirms this: \u201cIn those days, we grew up together. Your color didn\u2019t matter, nor did your family. Your moral character did.\u201d In the nascent Ybor City you could see people of all colors and ethnic backgrounds walking the streets, all mixed. And in terms of housing, another black Cuban testified: \u201cIn Ybor City you lived with an Italian next door and with a Spaniard and a Cuban on the other.\u201d And another attested that in Ybor \u201cthere was no such thing as a white section and a black section.\u201d They lived in the same neighborhoods and attended the same activities, including those called for Cuba\u2019s independence.<\/span><\/p>\n

In that group of black Cuban residents in Ybor at the beginning of the 1990s were the couple Paulina Hern\u00e1ndez and Ruperto Pedroso, who with great effort and tenacity had managed to buy a piece of land and establish a rooming house on 12th Street and 8th Avenue, not far from the very center of Ybor. Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed was taken to that place, currently the Parque Amigos de Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed, by Paulina herself after the attempt to poison him on December 16, 1892. According to tradition, Ruperto was in charge of the personal security of the Mart\u00ed, even sleeping in the hallway outside his room the entire time he was recovering.<\/span><\/p>\n

From then on, Mart\u00ed would decide to stay at the Pedroso house every time he was in Tampa. On May 29, 1894, <\/span>he wrote to Mar\u00eda Mantilla<\/span><\/a>: \u201cI have seen bad people and good people, and the good ones have been better than the bad ones. I have been sick and I was care for very well by Cuban Paulina, who is black and very ladylike in her soul, my doctor Barbarrosa, a man from Cuba and Paris and a good brother of the one you know.\u201d They also say that after the attempt, Mart\u00ed only ate food prepared and served by Paulina and that he always slept in the first room of the house. And that when he was in the house, its owners invariably placed a Cuban flag on the door. And that at night several groups of patriots gathered there to try to see the Mart\u00ed, even until the wee hours of the morning.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Afro-Cubans in Tampa, late 19th century. Photo: Archive.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

A singular event occurred in the Pedroso house: Mart\u00ed\u2019s reunion with his poisoners, recounted by Paulina to Gonzalo de Quesada y Ar\u00f3stegui and incorporated by Jorge Ma\u00f1ach in <\/span>Mart\u00ed, el Ap\u00f3stol.<\/span><\/i><\/a> According to this narration:<\/span><\/p>\n

Ruperto made a move to throw himself at him. Mart\u00ed restrained him and, throwing his arm over the visitor\u2019s shoulder, locked himself in his room with him. After a long time, the other came out with bloodshot eyes and a taller face. When he had left, Ruperto reproached Mart\u00ed for his trust.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

\u201cThis,\u201d he answered, \u201cwill be one of those who will fire the first shots in Cuba.\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

So it was. Later historical investigations managed to identify one of the two \u201cauxiliaries\u201d: the Havanan <\/span>Valent\u00edn Castro C\u00f3rdova<\/span><\/a> (1868-1924). Enlisted in an expedition led by Seraf\u00edn S\u00e1nchez and Carlos Roloff arriving in Cuba on July 24, 1895, he ended the war with the rank of commander of the Liberation Army. Nothing is known about the other beyond the data that Ma\u00f1ach gives us in the sense that he also joined an expedition. The reason why both perpetrators decided to appear before Mart\u00ed at the Pedroso house will remain another mystery.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Parque Amigos de Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed in Ybor City, where Paulina and Ruperto\u2019s house used to be. Photo: AGS Media.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Paulina Hern\u00e1ndez was born a slave on April 10, 1855 in Consolaci\u00f3n del Sur, Pinar del R\u00edo, but her parents, of Carabal\u00ed origin, managed to buy her freedom. At a very young age, she managed to move to Key West, where she met Ruperto and they married. In 1892 they moved to Ybor City following the path of other Cubans. In 1897, on the second anniversary of Mart\u00ed\u2019s death, she wrote an evocation published by the Tampa newspaper <\/span>Cuba<\/span><\/i>: \u201cMart\u00ed! <\/span>I loved you as a mother<\/span><\/a>, I revere you as a Cuban, I idolize you as a precursor of our freedom, I mourn you as a martyr of the nation. All blacks and whites, rich or poor, enlightened or ignorant, we worship you with our love. You were good: Cuba will owe its independence to you.\u201d In 1910 Paulina returned to Cuba for health reasons, where she died three years later in the midst of neglect and poverty. They say that she asked to be buried with a photo of Mart\u00ed in which he had written the following dedication on the back: \u201cTo Paulina, my black mother.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

In 1993 her name was inducted into the Hall of Fame for Illustrious Floridian women. And here in Tampa, on the banks of the Hillsborough River, there is a <\/span>bust<\/span><\/a> of her along with other personalities who contributed to the well-being, progress and culture of the city. The monument in the land where she was born is still a pending issue.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Bust of Paulina on the Riverwalk, Hillsborough County, Tampa. Photo: Riverwalk Friends.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In 1896, the United States Supreme Court established the <\/span>\u201cseparate but equal\u201d<\/span><\/a> doctrine (Plessy vs. Ferguson), which strengthened racial segregation throughout the country.<\/span><\/p>\n

From this point of view, the enclave was over.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

They say that she asked to be buried with a photo of Mart\u00ed in which he had written the following dedication on the back: \u201cTo Paulina, my black mother.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3462,"featured_media":249252,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13902],"tags":[22988,959,12899],"ppma_author":[33935],"class_list":["post-249239","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cuba","tag-cuban-history","tag-jose-marti-en","tag-tampa-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nJos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed\u2019s black mother in Ybor City | OnCubaNews English<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"They say that she asked to be buried with a photo of Mart\u00ed in which he had written the following dedication on the back: \u201cTo Paulina, my black mother.\u201d\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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