{"id":252135,"date":"2022-04-29T15:36:07","date_gmt":"2022-04-29T19:36:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/?p=252135"},"modified":"2022-04-29T15:36:07","modified_gmt":"2022-04-29T19:36:07","slug":"the-dry-rice-formula","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/the-dry-rice-formula\/","title":{"rendered":"The \u201cdry rice\u201d formula"},"content":{"rendered":"

In early March, large amounts of fish were lost in the Mu\u00f1oz dam, in the Camag\u00fcey municipality of Florida. Nobody probably knows how many tons it was. For days, the dead fish \u201cswamped\u201d the lowest points of the reservoir, which saw its reserves diminishing rapidly due to the lack of rain and agricultural use.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Mu\u00f1oz dam has a capacity for 116 million cubic meters (m\u00b3) of water, but it tends to store much smaller volumes. In May 2018, it was news that it <\/span>had reached<\/span><\/a> its \u201cgreatest accumulated water of this century,\u201d when it approached the level of 88 million m\u00b3. Its waters are for, above all, irrigating rice, so they are usually consumed in large volumes in two specific periods of the year, coinciding with this cereal\u2019s sowing harvests.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt was known that with the \u2018dry season\u2019 the dam\u2019s volume would go down; it is what happens every year. Only this time it happened faster,\u201d says Michel, a Florida resident who in those days traveled twice to Mu\u00f1oz to look for fish. The workers of the fichery enterprise of the province, PESCACAM, could not cope with catching clarias, tench and tilapia that were at risk of dying due to lack of oxygen. Part of the fish was lost due to lack of proper transportation and refrigeration.<\/span><\/p>\n

Similar episodes were expected in other dams in Camag\u00fcey, which PESCACAM barely had the means to deal with. The lack of resources prevented it from taking advantage of that kind of \u201cfishing harvest\u201d that takes place every year between February and April, the last months of the dry period. In a few weeks, the dams release hundreds of millions of m\u00b3 of water that are not replenished until the June to October rains.<\/span><\/p>\n

The dilemma of water and rice<\/b><\/p>\n

In 2020<\/span><\/a>, 49.6 percent of the \u201cfresh water used in Cuba\u201d was used for agricultural irrigation. It was around 2,771 million m\u00b3, 110 million more than in 2016. To put these figures in context, it is worth noting that in the same period between 460 and 507 million m\u00b3 was for household consumption, and those of areas such as industry, construction and energy production did not exceed \u2014 as a whole \u2014 200 million m\u00b3. Only the statistics corresponding to \u201cother economic activities\u201d (among which tourism is included) reached digits of some relevance compared to the agricultural sector, totaling an expense of 1.637 billion m\u00b3 (29.3 percent of the total).<\/span><\/p>\n

This distribution of consumption is in line with international trends. <\/span>According<\/span><\/a> to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), most countries allocate between 60 and 80 percent of their water resources to the agricultural sector, especially food production. In 2020, the last year for which Cuba has published definitive statistics, the sector of \u201cagriculture, livestock, forestry and fisheries\u201d used 59.5 percent of the water served by the National Institute of Hydraulic Resources (INRH); four-fifths went to irrigation.<\/span><\/p>\n

What is significant about the case is that this volume did not translate into increases in production, or that it at least equaled the volumes registered in the first half of the 2010s. Between 2016 and 2020, the production of root vegetables, citrus fruits, and of milk and beef, fell by 25 percent; that of fruits, 10 percent; and the pipeline, which came from the collapse of the times of the \u00c1lvaro Reinoso Task, was reduced by an additional 5 percent.<\/span><\/p>\n

They are not the worst results, however. In recent years, the greatest decreases in harvests corresponded to those of beans and rice, which contracted by around 50 percent between 2018 and 2020. In 2021, the price \u201cstorm\u201d derived from the <\/span>Reorganization<\/span><\/a> deepened the crisis even further.<\/span><\/p>\n

The decreasing parabola of both crops was triggered by the lack of pesticides, fertilizers and fuel. Rice yields were 40 percent lower in 2020, from 4.38 to 2.62 tons per hectare (ha). In the new circumstances, the only alternative found by the Ministry of Agriculture (MINAG) was to continue planting large areas, even at the cost of the high water consumption (between 1.5 and 2.0 billion m\u00b3 per year) without reporting higher productions.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cYou can plant over 26 hectares instead of 13 to compensate for the \u2018product\u2019 that you did not add to the rice when it was due, but in the end the sum total will not turn out as before. Land and water preparation also cost; now much more. That\u2019s why so many people have stopped planting rice or are planting less,\u201d said Israel, a farmer from the municipality of Florida.<\/span><\/p>\n

The decisions of the Cuban State are guided by a logic that is difficult to understand. The money that is not used in domestic rice production is then spent on importing the grain at a higher price. Quoting L\u00e1zaro D\u00edaz Rodr\u00edguez, the director of the Technological Division of Rice at MINAG, in a June 2020 <\/span>Granma<\/span><\/i> newspaper translated into <\/span>concrete numbers<\/span><\/a> the savings reported by harvesting the cereal on the island. While the international price of a ton was around 520 dollars, 319 were invested in planting it here. During the pandemic, a ton, which came to be priced at 650 dollars, never fell below 550 dollars. <\/span>According<\/span><\/a> to the FAO, in March its value was 600 dollars.<\/span><\/p>\n

The cost of not seeking higher yields is also ecological. In 2015, the Agricultural Engineering Research Institute <\/span>proposed<\/span><\/a> updating the agricultural irrigation regulations, which the INRH had established in 1999. The new scale reserved the highest allocations for rice, only preceded by those corresponding to taro. But unlike the fields planted with this tuber, which in a very small proportion have irrigation systems, practically all the rice fields in Cuba are planted under the flooding method. In spring, one hectare of the cereal planted in the western provinces \u2014 where evaporation is less and rainfall is much higher \u2014 requires 10,415 cubic meters per hectare (m\u00b3\/ha); and during the dry season, 11,286.<\/span><\/p>\n

The amount of water that is used continues to be huge, without the results being up to what was achieved a few years ago. Specialists have been warning for some time against the tendency to compensate the lack of imported inputs with extensionism. A study published in 2018, authored by Professor Jos\u00e9 Antonio D\u00edaz Duque, of the Jos\u00e9 Antonio Echeverr\u00eda Technological University of Havana (CUJAE), set a weighty figure as background: in 2004, agricultural production in Cuba was 33 .8 million tons and 1.597 billion m\u00b3 of water were used for irrigation. Four years later, water consumption had risen to 3.281 billion m\u00b3 and agricultural production was 10 million tons lower.<\/span><\/p>\n

Eight of the \u201cfoodstuff that are usually imported, show the impossibility of their realization at least because of the water requirements,\u201d said D\u00edaz Duque. Therefore, he recommended developing a \u201cfood security strategy similar to that of many countries that are characterized by limited availability of their water resources.\u201d One of the main premises should be to reduce water consumption.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIncreasing planting areas is not the most appropriate strategy, but it is a way to alleviate low yields,\u201d Vice President of the Republic Salvador Vald\u00e9s Mesa <\/span>countered<\/span><\/a> in June 2020. His reasoning obviated that the extension of plantations demands more work, more seeds and, in many cases, more irrigation.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhen the land cannot be leveled properly due to lack of fuel, more water ends up being used. And there is also the additional cost of seed and the combines, which have to move more to cut the field. The savings that some think is made by not using fuel or fertilizer, in the end is \u2018eaten up\u2019 by the additional expenses that have to be made,\u201d Israel explained.<\/span><\/p>\n

To the limit<\/b><\/p>\n

Even at its best, Cuba\u2019s rice yields were nowhere near the world average in terms of water consumption, which the FAO <\/span>estimates<\/span><\/a> between 1,000 and 3,000 liters per kilo of ready-to-eat cereal. In 2018, in the agricultural phase of production alone, the island used more than 5,000 liters per kilo, on average.<\/span><\/p>\n

The drop in yields has deepened this difference, and there is not even the option of expanding the planting areas. For a long time, the island\u2019s water resources have been exploited to the limit of their possibilities. A good example is the Cauto River, which leaves 90 percent of its average flow (<\/span>estimated<\/span><\/a> at 63 cubic meters per second) in the 19 dams and nine stations established along its course.<\/span><\/p>\n

They are, in round numbers, about 1.3 billion m\u00b3 that each year have as their preferred destination the rice fields of Granma, the main producer of the cereal in Cuba. 150 kilometers to the west, the San Pedro River reaches the sea with less than 15 percent of its waters; the rest (260 million m\u00b3) remains in the reservoirs that sustain the large plantations in the south of Camag\u00fcey.<\/span><\/p>\n

In 2016, the Climate Monitoring Group, attached to the Institute of Meteorology, estimated that each Cuban could use up to 1,214 m\u00b3 of water per year. Just in 1995 \u2014 with approximately the same population \u2014 the per capita was over 5,000; by 2025, forecasts suggest that availability will definitely approach 1,000 m\u00b3, one of the lowest rates in Latin America and the Caribbean.<\/span><\/p>\n

These are data that mark a trend that is as worrying as it is difficult to reverse, due to the effects of climate change. Anyone who questions them only has to go to some of the hundreds of existing dams in Cuba, many of which, at the end of the dry season, seem doomed to disappear. If more effective formulas for water consumption are not found, some may do so.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Even at its best, Cuba\u2019s rice yields were nowhere near the world average in terms of water consumption.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3882,"featured_media":252137,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13902],"tags":[31821,33530],"ppma_author":[34368],"class_list":["post-252135","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cuba","tag-food-production-in-cuba","tag-reordering-task"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe \u201cdry rice\u201d formula | OnCubaNews English<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Even at its best, Cuba\u2019s rice yields were nowhere near the world average in terms of water consumption.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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