
{"id":253528,"date":"2022-05-30T14:07:44","date_gmt":"2022-05-30T18:07:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/?p=253528"},"modified":"2022-05-30T14:07:44","modified_gmt":"2022-05-30T18:07:44","slug":"the-soviets-in-cuba-iv","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/the-soviets-in-cuba-iv\/","title":{"rendered":"The Soviets in Cuba (IV)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1980 Arnaldo Tamayo arrived in space during a Soyuz mission in which troops from socialist countries participated, including Mongolia, Vietnam and Cuba, the weakest links in the CMEA. The Cuban army, which had redesigned its system of military ranks since the time of the Sierra Maestra to homologate them to those of the Soviets \u2014 except for the title of Commander of the Revolution \u2014 carried out military parades in the Plaza de la Revolucion with accumulated tanks and weapons. One of them to the sound of the \u201churrahs,\u201d shouts that the Cubans had heard in films like <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Liberation<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, but quickly corrected by the military themselves, who after all had ordered the image of the Mambi independence army\u2019s cavalry to be printed on the side of the tanks.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In retrospect, the 1980s were the heyday of Soviet and Eastern European culture in Cuba. The integration into the CMEA, which made it possible to cushion the effects of the U.S. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/tag\/us-embargo\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>embargo\/blockade<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, resulted in an increase in the levels of long-in-deficit domestic consumption during the previous two decades, marked by queues, the empire of the ration book and the black market.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_253531\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-253531\" style=\"width: 999px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Tamayo.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-253531\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Tamayo.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"999\" height=\"666\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Tamayo.png 999w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Tamayo-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Tamayo-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Tamayo-750x500.png 750w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 999px) 100vw, 999px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-253531\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arnaldo Tamayo and Yuri Romanenko. Photo: Yahoo.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the first time in a long time, Cubans came to have access, through the so-called \u201cparallel market,\u201d to a range of products such as canned foods, different types of milk, cheese, cereal, arar\u00e1 cognac, Bulgarian wines, and textiles and footwear from the GDR and Poland. This is one of the bases of generational nostalgia of those who approach the subject in a testimonial way, although generally without alluding to the asymmetries and contradictions typical of that attempt at alternative integration that, according to several economists, had among its greatest weaknesses verticalism and the paralysis of horizontal relations between enterprises.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nor to the most important thing: to the fact that, although they <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">resolved<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the quality of all these products was always below Western ones. That was precisely, together with the technological gap, one of the many reasons that in the popular imagination of Europeans decided the fall of the Berlin Wall and, in the long run, of the entire system like dominoes. And it was just the tip of the iceberg of the real problem: the non-existence of a truly alternative culture to capitalism, escorted by inefficiency, excessive statism, rampant corruption and the growing gap between the representations of the elite and the daily reality of the people.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Around that same time, many of the Cuban students who had gone to train as professionals in science, technology, and the humanities at the main Soviet universities began to return to the island: they included everything from atomic engineering to philosophy and scientific communism. (In the 1984-1985 academic year around 10,000 Cuban students studied in the USSR.) And, with them, one of the most interesting phenomena of the period would take place, from the sociocultural point of view, due to their addition to the melting pot: the Russian-Cuban couples. Their offspring received the name of \u201cwarm waters\u201d \u2014 a mixture of the warm tropical sun and the ice of the tundra \u2014 and in many cases would imply the emergence of bicultural subjects.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_253532\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-253532\" style=\"width: 850px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Estudiantes.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-253532\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Estudiantes.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"478\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Estudiantes.jpg 850w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Estudiantes-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Estudiantes-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Estudiantes-750x422.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-253532\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cuban students in the USSR. Photo: Russia Beyond.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At that time everything Russian was within reach, like the language itself, which was studied not only in technical careers and military institutes but also with the teachers of the Radio Rebelde station. And there was even a popular participation program called 9550 \u2014 the number of kilometers between the two countries \u2014 that rewarded the winners with a trip to the USSR.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And there were also the famous dolls. Frequently embodied in the apology for Russian dolls that other receivers rejected by moving the Krim TV set dial elsewhere, the post-Soviet nostalgia made it obvious that this process did not penetrate deeply into Cuban culture, except in politics, ideology, and Party and military structures.\u00a0 On the other hand, that nostalgia is also based on documenting the Russian-Soviet presence in literary productions and in film. But taking popular music as an indicator, there was not and could not be a fusion between a balalaika and a tres or between a polka and a guaguanc\u00f3. This certainly marks a difference from other musical traditions such as that from the United States, where contact has left indelible marks. They are in Dizzy Gillespie and Chano Pozo, in D\u00e1maso P\u00e9rez Prado and in Latin Jazz, to mention a few examples.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The problem is not only that explosive marriage between the guitar and the drum, characteristic of both cultures \u2014 in a word, between Western Europe and Africa \u2014 but that, as several Russian intellectuals of the late 19th century thought, the cultural location of \u201clittle mother Russia\u201d pulls more to the other side than to the West \u2014 that was one of the recurrences of Dostoevsky\u2019s pan-Slavism, and it even reaches the figure of Stalin. What is traditionally known as \u201cthe Russian soul\u201d is introspective and inward looking, while the Cuban is outgoing and open. And let it be known that it\u2019s not about ontological categories, but identity traits that are, precisely, thanks to essentially different ethnocultural processes. Cuban men and women dance with their hips; Russian men and women with their feet.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/youtu.be\/KvmnuHUKX2k<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To say it loud and clear: it is not about denying the Russian-Soviet imprint on national reality, because it is there; nor to dispense with the validity of the nostalgia as a vital experience. The question is to discern whether or not that mark is inscribed in the core of a culture that, by tradition and right, belongs to the West and has nothing to do with the birch trees or with the cold of the taiga.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the middle of the decade, a fire destroyed the Mosc\u00fa Restaurant, located on Humboldt and P, in the same place where the Montmartre cabaret had been and where the March 13 Revolutionary Directorate had executed one of the members of the Batista dictatorship.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_253533\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-253533\" style=\"width: 550px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Restaurante-Moscu-en-La-Habana..jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-253533\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Restaurante-Moscu-en-La-Habana..jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"409\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Restaurante-Moscu-en-La-Habana..jpg 550w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Restaurante-Moscu-en-La-Habana.-300x223.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-253533\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Mosc\u00fa restaurant, at P and Humboldt, Vedado. Photo: Archive.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That fire functioned as a harbinger of times to come. Perestroika and glasnost, like a Pandora\u2019s box, would end up setting fire to everything and opening the way to a unipolar world.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By then less and less Soviet ships were being seen from the Morro&#8230;<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The 1980s were the heyday of Soviet and Eastern European culture in Cuba.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3462,"featured_media":253530,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13902],"tags":[18381,9916],"ppma_author":[33935],"class_list":["post-253528","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cuba","tag-cuba-and-russia","tag-soviet-union"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Soviets in Cuba 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Autor de La prensa de los Estados Unidos y la agenda interamericana y El otro en el espejo.","url":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/author\/alfredoprieto\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":33935,"user_id":3462,"is_guest":0,"slug":"alfredoprieto","display_name":"Alfredo Prieto","avatar_url":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Alfredo-Prieto_avatar_1481560104-96x96.jpg","0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/253528","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3462"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=253528"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/253528\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":253534,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/253528\/revisions\/253534"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/253530"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=253528"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=253528"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=253528"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=253528"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}