
{"id":254336,"date":"2022-06-19T17:35:45","date_gmt":"2022-06-19T21:35:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/?p=254336"},"modified":"2022-06-19T17:35:45","modified_gmt":"2022-06-19T21:35:45","slug":"circling-the-square-guns-and-gun-control-in-the-united-states","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/world\/usa\/circling-the-square-guns-and-gun-control-in-the-united-states\/","title":{"rendered":"Circling the square: guns and gun control in the United States"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On May 24, Salvador Ramos, an 18-year-old young man, murdered in cold blood with an AR-15 semi-automatic rifle 19 children at Robb Elementary School, in Uvalde, Texas, and two of their teachers. \u201cThe worst such incident since eight students and two teachers were killed at Santa Fe High School in Texas in May 2018,\u201d CNN commented. And the second worst recorded school shooting in U.S. history.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Uvalde-victims-1536x864-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-254339\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Uvalde-victims-1536x864-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1536\" height=\"864\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Uvalde-victims-1536x864-1.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Uvalde-victims-1536x864-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Uvalde-victims-1536x864-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Uvalde-victims-1536x864-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Uvalde-victims-1536x864-1-750x422.jpg 750w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Uvalde-victims-1536x864-1-1140x641.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The problem of armed violence arises once again in U.S. society, one of its most annoying recurrences, a thick d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu that unleashes horrors, affirmations, prayers and nightmares in the consciences of citizens. With each massacre one is witnessing, fundamentally, the recycling of an old discussion, inevitably crossed by the specific place of its actors\/issuers in the political spectrum. This discussion had one of its critical points during the so-called <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reagan<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> era, when the thought associated with it blamed the media, in particular the Hollywood industry \u2014 and a little later, electronic games \u2014 for being the cause of the problem. An idea that the liberals \u2014 and not only Hollywood directors and screenwriters \u2014 rejected on the grounds that they were merely reflecting the violence that existed in the streets.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Obviously, there is an accumulation of social violence operating here that has certain breakpoints: it began with the extermination of the native Americans, went through a bloody war of national liberation against British colonialism, continued with another war engendered to snatch from Mexico a huge slice of its territory, continued by a very violent collision between the North and the South, and culminated in the territorial expansions of the late 19th and early 20th centuries \u2014 a list to which, without a doubt, such events could be added up to present day.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the midst of it all, certain heroes in psychology and popular imagination play their part: comics of settlers with arquebuses vs. Indians with arrows, the Wild West, Billy \u201cThe Kid,\u201d Wyatt Earp, Bonnie and Clyde, Al Capone&#8230;, characters who, to achieve their individual goals, resorted to artifacts that begin with a Colt 38 and end with a Thompson machine gun set to ring merrily on the streets of Chicago during the Great Depression and Prohibition. And when considering alienations of all kinds that are active in daily life \u2014 such as the aftermath of the Vietnam, Gulf, Iraq, Afghanistan and other wars \u2014 and recently the impact of the pandemic, inflation; the problem of weapons in this country becomes much more complicated, it is at the center of culture. A programmatic saying clearly indicates this: \u201cshoot first and ask questions later.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/youtu.be\/JBMbrd6t350<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The social discourse on the subject is often escorted by a fairly widespread reasoning: \u201cit is not guns <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/xn--potranca-2p3dsa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>that kill<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, but people.\u201d Or what is the same: \u201cweapons cannot be fired by themselves.\u201d But if you go to the root, one realizes that this formulation is usually found (although not limited) to characters linked to the National Rifle Association (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/membership.nra.org\/MultiStep\/AROfferJoins?gclid=Cj0KCQjwhqaVBhCxARIsAHK1tiNumQhWOH1WkSAyD4KGZqbVKMGZaBvoEBafYG8zjYX_1nw1ZtZ78iIaAjiSEALw_wcB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>NRA<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) and, above all, to the strong dividends from the business of selling weapons and ammunition. Therefore, one of the vicious circles occurs at this point: Americans tend to stock up on firearms after those mass shootings happen, and they do so\u2026in anticipation of possible government restrictions in this area.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That is why the profits of arms manufacturers increase. Let\u2019s say Sturm and Smith\u2019s stock rose after the 2012 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Sandy-Hook-Elementary-School-shooting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Sandy Hook\u00a0<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elementary School massacre and the 2015 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/legal.thomsonreuters.com\/en\/insights\/case-studies\/san-bernardino\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>\u00a0San Bernardino<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> shooting, according to an FBI report. And this terrible new Texan chapter was no exception.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/covid-health-violence-presidential-elections-shootings-5d769e174b200923e75e27b0051da225\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>survey<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0by the University of Chicago, more than two million guns and rifles have been sold in the United States since the pandemic began. The amount also assures us that almost one in five American households bought a gun since March 2020. And that in the last two years, one in 20 adults in the United States bought a gun for the first time, which raised the percentage of adults who now live in a home with a gun at almost 50%. According to the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/file-repository\/nics_firearm_checks_-_day_month_year.pdf\/view\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>FBI,<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> between January and June 2021, 22 million new weapons were legally purchased in the United States, an increase of 15% over the same period the previous year.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These sales certainly constitute one of the bases that allow the arms manufacturers and the NRA to exercise their lobbying work in the structures of the legislative power, according to what institutions and studies dedicated to monitoring the issue have been revealing, among them the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bradyunited.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence.<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Just three years ago, in 2019, this non-partisan and non-profit organization compiled the list of Republican lawmakers who have accepted the most money from the NRA, made up of such conspicuous people as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mitt Romney (Utah) $13,647,676.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Richard Burr (North Carolina) $6,987,380.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Roy Blunt (Missouri) $4,555,722.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thom Tillis (North Carolina) $4,421,333.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Marco Rubio (Florida) $3,303,355.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joni Ernst (Iowa) $3,124,773.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rob Portman (Ohio) $3,063,327.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Todd C. Young (Indiana) $2,897,582.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bill Cassidy (Louisiana) $2,867,074.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tom Cotton (Arkansas) $1,968,714.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pat Toomey (Pennsylvania) $1,475,448.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Josh Hawley (Missouri) $1,391,548.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Marsha Blackburn (Tennessee) $1,306,130.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ron Johnson (Wisconsin) $1,269,486<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mitch McConnell (Kentucky) $1,267,139<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mike Braun (Indiana) $1,249,967.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">John Thune (South Dakota) $638,942.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shelley Moore Capito (West Virginia) $341,738.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Richard Shelby (Alabama) $258,514.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chuck Grassley (Iowa) $226,007.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">John Neely Kennedy (Louisiana) $215,788.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ted Cruz (Texas) $176,274.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lisa Murkowski (Alaska) $146,262.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lindsey Graham (South Carolina) $55,961.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Second Amendment<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adopted in 1791, the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.congress.gov\/constitution\/amendment-2\/#:~:text=A%20well%20regulated%20Militia%2C%20being,Arms%2C%20shall%20not%20be%20infringed.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Second Amendment<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to the United States Constitution states: \u201cA well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_254340\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-254340\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Second-a-1-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-254340\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Second-a-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"660\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Second-a-1-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Second-a-1-1-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Second-a-1-1-768x495.jpg 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Second-a-1-1-750x483.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-254340\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The signing of the Constitution, 1787, oil painting by artist Howard Chandler Christy (1940).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For a long time, the predominant interpretation of this text was the theory of collective rights, that is, maintaining that citizens lack the individual right to own weapons and that, therefore, local, state and federal legislative powers have the authority to regulate firearms.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1939, the Supreme Court considered that problem in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oyez.org\/cases\/1900-1940\/307us174\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>United States v. Miller<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, legislating that Congress could regulate a sawed-off shotgun moving in interstate commerce under the National Firearms Act (1934) because the evidence did not suggest that it \u201chad any reasonable bearing on the preservation or efficiency of a well-regulated militia.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But the second interpretation holds that \u201cthe right of the people to have and bear arms\u201d implies that individuals have a <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">constitutional<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> right to possess them. From this perspective, the U.S. Constitution restricts legislative bodies from prohibiting citizens from owning them. Or, at least, the Amendment makes the prohibitive and restrictive regulation <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">presumptively<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> unconstitutional.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2008, the Supreme Court ruled on the issue in District of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oyez.org\/cases\/2007\/07-290\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Columbia v. Heller.<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The plaintiff challenged the constitutionality of a Washington D.C. act. prohibiting the possession of handguns. In a 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court struck down the firearms ban in D.C. for violating that right. The Supreme Court held that while the Second Amendment was created specifically for militia-related purposes, it did not allow the government to encumber a person\u2019s right to bear arms. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It marked the first time the Supreme Court actually invalidated a gun control act<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Two years later, in 2010, the Supreme Court further strengthened that reading in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oyez.org\/cases\/2009\/08-1521\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>McDonald v. Chicago.<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The plaintiff challenged the constitutionality of a local government order prohibiting the possession of firearms by almost all private citizens. The Supreme Court found that an individual\u2019s right to \u201chave and bear arms,\u201d protected by the Second Amendment, is embodied in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and is therefore enforceable against states. It was, like the previous one, a very close decision: 5 vs. 4.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All this pendulum and revisionist movement is correspondingly documented in constitutional and Supreme Court histories. It originated in the context of the Reagan presidency and the heyday of neoconservative thought associated with it. The then-Republican presidential candidate became the first of his kind to endorse the NRA. Professor <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/outlook\/2022\/06\/03\/gun-rights-activists-remade-2nd-amendment-over-last-40-years\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Duncan Hosie<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> reminds us that later, as President:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reagan cemented a symbiotic relationship between the gun lobby and the GOP. He<\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/law.yale.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/pdf\/Faculty\/Siegel_DeadOrAliveOriginalismAsPopularConstitutionalismInHeller.pdf\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0selected<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0federal judges committed to implementing the gun lobby\u2019s constitutional vision, like Justice Antonin Scalia, and staffed his administration with gun rights supporters including Stephen Markman, who led the Office of Legal Policy for four years. Reagan\u2019s Justice Department, particularly under Attorney General Edwin Meese from 1985 to 1988, championed an \u201coriginalist\u201d theory of constitutional interpretation that gave binding force to pro-gun views<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_254341\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-254341\" style=\"width: 960px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Reagan-1-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-254341\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Reagan-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"960\" height=\"631\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Reagan-1-1.jpg 960w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Reagan-1-1-300x197.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Reagan-1-1-768x505.jpg 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Reagan-1-1-750x493.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-254341\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ronald Regan. Photo: The Boston Globe.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And also that:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The gun lobby, in turn, provided money and foot soldiers for Reagan\u2019s political efforts. The NRA wrote an individual rights interpretation into Republican platforms, congressional reports and campaign pamphlets. It also\u00a0<\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/law.yale.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/pdf\/Faculty\/Siegel_DeadOrAliveOriginalismAsPopularConstitutionalismInHeller.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">subsidized<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0and promoted conservative intellectuals who championed this revisionist reading of the Second Amendment, as did well-heeled conservative benefactors like the Olin, Scaife and Coors families. According to historian Carl Bogus, a\u00a0<\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Second-Amendment-Biography-Michael-Waldman\/dp\/1476747458\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">majority<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0of the new articles published from 1970 to 1989 that supported an individual-right reading of the Second Amendment \u201cwere written by lawyers who had been directly employed by or represented the NRA or other gun rights organizations, although they did not always so identify themselves.\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As part of the dissent and resistance, in 1988 John Gibson, a conservative federal judge, rejected the idea that the Second Amendment protected individual rights to bear arms: \u201cfor at least 100 years\u201d the courts \u201chave analyzed the Second Amendment purely in terms of protecting state militias.\u201d And in 1991 another conservative, Chief Justice (retired) <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/davekopel.org\/2A\/Mags\/crburger.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Warren Burger,<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0called the gun lobby\u2019s reading of the Second Amendment \u201cthe subject of one of the greatest pieces of fraud, I repeat the word \u2018fraud,\u2019 on the American public by special interest groups that I have ever seen.\u201d And he concluded: \u201cThe very language of the Second Amendment refutes any argument that it was intended to guarantee all citizens the unrestricted right [of access] to any type of weapons they wish.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That 180-degree interpretive turn, operated under the impact of politics, neo-conservatism and lobbying, was then responsible for decontextualizing the text of the Second Amendment and the reasons that motivated the founders of the nation to defend the ability of militiamen to keep in their possession the muskets and other weapons of that time. According to experts, an AR-15 \u2014 like those used in the Orlando, Las Vegas, Buffalo and Texas shootings \u2014 fires 45 rounds per minute at targets 550 meters away and at a speed of 994 meters per second.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_254342\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-254342\" style=\"width: 720px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Ar-15-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-254342\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Ar-15-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Ar-15-1.jpg 720w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Ar-15-1-300x184.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-254342\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The AR-15. A lethal weapon. Photo: Wikipedia.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Armed with two AR-15s, a Sig Sauer gun and a Glock, the young Adam Lanza, the author of the Sandy Hook massacre (2012), needed only five minutes to kill 20 children between the ages of 6 and 7 in a classroom in Connecticut. And he did it after shooting his mother while she slept and killing five more people. And the Texas shooter, armed with the same weapon, killed 21 people at once.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The truth is that in a country where the meaning of the word \u201cfreedom\u201d can include everything from the rational to the bizarre, citizens have been given the right to bear arms, which creates a vicious circle that serves as the basis for personal defense as well as to exercise crime and violence on property and people.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of its corollaries consists of the possibility of buying very heavy weapons in armories, where in general almost anything can be acquired with a simple driver\u2019s license and meeting requirements that seem more like fig leaves than effective protection. Uvalde\u2019s killer bought two AR-15s immediately after his 18th birthday. At that age, however, in Texas he could not have legally acquired a bottle of Jack Daniels or a pack of Marlboros.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>The 1994 regulation<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Buffalo and Uvalde shootings have sparked, perhaps as never before, calls for Congress to consider banning assault weapons. The predominant line has been to retake a federal ban on such weapons established in 1994: Public Safety and Recreational Firearms Use Protection Act, commonly called the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/US\/understanding-1994-assault-weapons-ban-ended\/story?id=65546858\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Federal Assault Weapons Ban,<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> signed at the time by President Bill Clinton.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_254343\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-254343\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Clinton-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-254343\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Clinton-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Clinton-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Clinton-1-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Clinton-1-768x480.jpg 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Clinton-1-750x469.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-254343\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">President Clinton signing the Federal Assault Weapons Ban, September 13, 1994. Photo: Wikipedia.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In his June 2, 2022 speech on gun violence, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marketwatch.com\/story\/biden-pleads-for-tougher-gun-laws-how-much-more-carnage-are-we-willing-to-accept-01654213720?mod=search_headline&amp;mod=article_inline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>President Biden<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> noted that bipartisan support in Congress then helped boost that act. But it should be noted that it was limited: it covered only certain categories of semi-automatic weapons like AR-15s and contained a \u201csunset provision\u201d that allowed the ban to expire in 2004 \u2014 which it eventually did.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, different studies have come to a clear conclusion. In the years after it went into effect, the number of deaths from mass shootings decreased and the increase in the annual number of such incidents slowed, even considering the Columbine High School massacre (1999), the deadliest mass murder occurred during the prohibition period (1994-2004), investigated by a powerful documentary by filmmaker Michael Moore.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To put it another way: incidents of this type decreased, but they did not stop. According to one <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marketwatch.com\/story\/did-the-assault-weapons-ban-of-1994-reduce-mass-shootings-heres-what-the-data-tells-us-11654796625\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>report<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Breaking the data into absolute numbers, between 2004 and 2017\u2014 the last year of our analysis \u2014 the average number of yearly deaths attributed to mass shootings was 25, compared with 5.3 during the 10-year tenure of the ban and 7.2 in the years leading up to the prohibition on assault weapons.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Later, it notes:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We calculated that the risk of a person in the U.S. dying in a mass shooting was 70% lower during the period in which the assault weapons ban was active. The proportion of overall gun homicides resulting from mass shootings was also down, with nine fewer mass-shooting-related fatalities per 10,000 shooting deaths. Taking population trends into account, a model we created based on this data suggests that had the federal assault weapons ban been in place throughout the whole period of our study \u2014 that is, from 1981 through 2017 \u2014 it may have prevented 314 of the 448 mass shooting deaths that occurred during the years in which there was no ban.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The current plan, which needs bipartisan support, would for the first time make records of under-21 buyers of guns part of background checks. In addition, money would be sent to states for mental health and school safety programs, as well as for incentives to comply with local \u201cred flag\u201d laws, which allow authorities to obtain judicial approval to remove weapons from people who are considered dangerous. But it will be a difficult process that could lead to disputes and delays in the Senate.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In short, the United States has the highest concentration of weapons in private hands in the world: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.mercopress.com\/2022\/05\/28\/us-has-more-civilian-guns-than-people-120-5-for-every-100-americans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>120.5 per 100 inhabitants<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. About eight times more than in the European Union (15 per 100 inhabitants). In 2020, more than 40,000 people died from firearms. Adults aged 18-33 make up 20% of the U.S. population, but nearly 40% of gun deaths. That same year, 6.5 people were murdered per 100,000 inhabitants (in 2019 it was 5 per 100,000). The data means that in the United States too many people die every day from gunshots, which does not include those accidentally killed by those same weapons and those who commit suicide using them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The sum of these categories is as dramatic as it is terrifying. Another expression of exceptionalism, but this time increasingly uncomfortable: more human beings are killed by firearms here every two years than during the Vietnam War.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Uvalde Elementary School killer bought two AR-15 semi-automatic rifles immediately after his 18th birthday. 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