
{"id":269370,"date":"2023-05-10T13:23:19","date_gmt":"2023-05-10T17:23:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/?p=269370"},"modified":"2023-05-10T13:23:19","modified_gmt":"2023-05-10T17:23:19","slug":"the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/it-is-not-easy\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\/","title":{"rendered":"The March of Thousands: Some Considerations on the Incorporation of New Cuban Americans into the South Florida Political Culture"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Between October 2021 and February 2023, almost 353 thousand Cubans have entered the United States, almost all coming through the Mexico\/U.S. border. The migrants represent 3.5 percent of the total population of the island nation and between 5-6 percent of the active labor force. For a country of 11 million people, this is a significant event.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The exodus is the most dramatic symptom of the many ailments plaguing Cuban society. From the U.S. economic embargo to the profound aftershocks of a pandemia that eliminated the fledging tourism industry, to a leadership criticized for being uninspiring, inept, or just plain wrong, the burdens of living in Cuba are so overwhelming that thousands of Cuban citizens have decided to risk it all by undertaking a costly and dangerous exodus.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This march of the thousands will have an impact on the society of South Florida. We don\u2019t know exactly how many of these immigrants will end up in the Miami area, but we can make solid estimates.\u00a0 This is what we know:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>224,607<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Cubans entered the country through all entry ports in FY 2022 (Oct. 2021-Sept. 30, 2022: Customs and Border Patrol data)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>128,274<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Cubans entered the country so far in FY 2023 (October 1, 2022, through February 28, 2023: Customs and Border Patrol data)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>139,361<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Cubans entered the state of Florida in FY 2022 (Oct. 2021-Sept. 30, 2022: Florida Department of Children and Families (DCF) data)<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">62% of national entrants came to Florida in FY 2022<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>84,951<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Cubans settled in Miami Dade County in FY 2022 (Oct. 2021-Sept. 30, 2022: Florida Department of Children and Families (DCF) data)\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">61% of all Florida entrants during FY 2022 settled in Miami Dade County<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>4,840<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Cubans settled in Broward County in FY 2022 (Oct. 2021-Sept. 30, 2022: Florida Department of Children and Families (DCF) data)<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4% of all Florida entrants during FY 2022 settled in Broward County<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>64%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of all Florida entrants during FY 2022 settled in south Florida (Broward\/MDC)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the DCF does not have numbers available for FY 2023 (Oct. 2022-Feb. 2023), if we assume consistency in the percentage of new entrants that end up in South Florida, we can estimate that 50,898 Cubans have settled in South Florida since October 2022. It is likely, then, that the Miami area welcomed around <\/span><b>135,849 Cuban immigrants since October 2021<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The immediate impact is being felt by organizations such as DCF and the Miami Dade Public Schools but the unprecedented migration is not causing panic in a region accustomed to a constant influx of Cubans. County leaders referred to the inflow as a \u201ccrisis\u201d but one that is less visible than other migration crises. Archbishop Wenski speculated that \u201c\u2026 one of the reasons that the crisis is so silent [is] because we are not that overwhelmed.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>The ideological distillery of Cuban American political culture<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since the initial wave of migrants lurched into South Florida after the triumph of the Cuban Revolution in 1959, a linear intransigence has dominated the community\u2019s view towards Cuba and its government. The \u201cstrategy\u201d to bring social change to Cuba? Strengthen the embargo, double down on isolation, and establish the identity of the community as one committed to the overthrow of the Cuban government by any means possible. No one seems interested in asking how this approach has worked out or in encouraging the community to develop a plan B.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New waves of immigrants are always viewed as different than previous waves and the anticipation persists that each new wave will dilute the Kool-Aid of intransigence. This has turned out to be wishful thinking. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ideological socialization process that incorporates new migrants into South Florida&#8217;s uncompromising political culture is relentless. The identity of the community seems to depend on maintaining a cold war position on US\/Cuba relations.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are always outliers, the persistent minority of \u201cdeviants\u201d who support engagement policies even as the majority doubles down on coercive isolation.\u00a0 But the strategies of these fellow travelers for bringing about change in Miami and in Cuba do not get much play in the local information matrix. They too are isolated.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And then there was the Obama era when Cuban Americans were presented with a brand-new set of rules and options on how to deal with the homeland.\u00a0 Many Cuban Americans disagreed with the Obama policies but, when forced to play in a new, more open terrain, did so. Some viewed the policy shifts as opening a new front in the struggle to bring change to the island; now the job of the committed hardliners would be to help build a Cuban middle class strong enough to create problems for the ruling elite. After Trump\u2019s resetting of sanctions and Biden\u2019s unwillingness to promote the policies he supported as Vice-President during the Obama years, the traditional legacy of heavy-handed intransigence resumed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The question becomes: How will the new thousands of Cuban Americans incorporate themselves into this political environment? Will their presence moderate the political bloodlust of their South Florida compatriots? Or will the socialization process demand conformity to the political nihilism of their co-ethnics?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decades of studying the dynamics of the community have made us sensitive to certain patterns that might shape the process of incorporation of new arrivals. As they settle into their new home, the new migrants will notice immediately two political characteristics of their South Florida compatriots: 1) most have an intense dislike for the Cuban government, and 2) the Republican party is the institution that best communicates this antipathy to the local and national audience.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_269425\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-269425\" style=\"width: 1920px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/cubanos-en-versailles-scaled-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-269425\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/cubanos-en-versailles-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1255\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/cubanos-en-versailles-scaled-1.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/cubanos-en-versailles-scaled-1-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/cubanos-en-versailles-scaled-1-1024x669.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/cubanos-en-versailles-scaled-1-768x502.jpg 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/cubanos-en-versailles-scaled-1-1536x1004.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/cubanos-en-versailles-scaled-1-750x490.jpg 750w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/cubanos-en-versailles-scaled-1-1140x745.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-269425\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: Maria Alejandra Cardona\/Reuters.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>The enemy of my enemy is my friend<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ideological foundation of the post-Revolution migration of Cubans to the United States is constructed of solid anti-Cuban government animus. The initial migrants fled the immediate political upheavals inherent in revolutions while subsequent migrations increasingly drew motivation to leave from the economic difficulties which never seemed to loosen their chokehold on the island.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most Cubans since the disappearance of the Soviet Union in 1991, do not report migrating for political reasons. That is the pattern evident in the FIU Cuba Poll of the last twenty years. (Figures 1 and 2) The contemporary arrivals, like many of their predecessors, are fleeing abysmal economic conditions, want to rejoin family members or otherwise improve their lives.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-1-ingles-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-269428\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-1-ingles-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2497\" height=\"1187\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-1-ingles-1.png 2497w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-1-ingles-1-300x143.png 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-1-ingles-1-1024x487.png 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-1-ingles-1-768x365.png 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-1-ingles-1-1536x730.png 1536w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-1-ingles-1-2048x974.png 2048w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-1-ingles-1-750x357.png 750w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-1-ingles-1-1140x542.png 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2497px) 100vw, 2497px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-2-ingles-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-269429\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-2-ingles-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2685\" height=\"1003\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-2-ingles-1.png 2685w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-2-ingles-1-300x112.png 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-2-ingles-1-1024x383.png 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-2-ingles-1-768x287.png 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-2-ingles-1-1536x574.png 1536w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-2-ingles-1-2048x765.png 2048w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-2-ingles-1-750x280.png 750w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-2-ingles-1-1140x426.png 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2685px) 100vw, 2685px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But it is not necessary to leave Cuba for political reasons to have a total antipathy for the Cuban government. And this antipathy is the common denominator of early migrants as well as new arrivals.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most of the recent crop of migrants blame the Cuban government for creating the conditions forcing them to leave the island. In the interviews that I\u2019ve conducted, the resentment towards to Cuban government is widespread. Most report not wanting to leave the island but, in one way or another, share the opinion of one respondent: \u201cYou can\u2019t live in Cuba right now.\u201d In their eyes, the blame for this soul-crushing situation lies with the Cuban leadership.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once in South Florida, the new Cuban Americans find that their dislike for the Cuban government, although a product of different historical conditions, is shared by friends, relatives, neighbors, media personalities, influencers, teachers, political leaders, waitresses, and the check-out lady at Sedano\u2019s. Their antipathy melds seamlessly with the dominant anti-Cuban political narrative that has been institutionalized in South Florida for over 60 years. The antipathy is echoed and reinforced in personal interactions and authoritative pronouncements from political and civic society leaders. Intransigence is in the water, bubbling up from the brackish depths of the Floridan aquifer.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The new arrivals are expected to have well-defined, principled, opposition to the Cuban political system in general, not just the current leadership. Yet, most of the new arrivals do not view their unfortunate situation as a result of an overarching \u201cfailure of socialism,\u201d (just as most Americans do not see the inequality and poverty generated by this system as a \u201cfailure of capitalism\u201d) but rather the inability of Cuban leaders to understand and respond adequately to the difficulties facing the Cuban people. The leadership is seen at best out of touch with \u2018el Cuban@ de pie\u2019 and at worse, corrupt and festering with cronyism.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">South Florida incubates a confusing political culture, where keeping your thoughts to yourself becomes a survival strategy. I often hear the phrase, \u201cI don\u2019t want to get involved in politics\u201d which means \u201cI don\u2019t want to cause waves.\u201d\u00a0 In this emotionally proto-dystopian political environment, anyone supporting policies that establish contact between South Florida Cubans and those on the island can be accused of \u201ccausing waves;\u201c of \u201cdefending\u201d Cuba and its government, and of being a \u201ccommunist.\u201d\u00a0 While many see the absurdity of these accusations, this is a battlefield that new immigrants do not want to enter.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>The Republican Party is the \u201cCuban Party\u201d in South Florida<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">New arrivals find out quickly that there is one party that has maintained a steady drumbeat of opposition to the Cuban government. While the Democrats wax and wane in their approaches to Cuba\/U.S. policy, the Republicans hold steady in their belligerence. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since the 1980s the Republican Party has earned the support of Cuban Americans by investing in its political development and providing a national stage for the Cuban cause. It is, as a Havana resident once told me when speaking of the political environment of South Florida, \u201cel Partido de los Cubanos.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The new arrivals become socialized into the U.S. political system in this unipolar environment.\u00a0 They feel an affinity towards the Republican Party from the get-go (Figure 3), even without understanding the full meaning of the Party in the national political environment.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-3-ingles-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-269430\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-3-ingles-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2695\" height=\"1095\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-3-ingles-1.png 2695w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-3-ingles-1-300x122.png 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-3-ingles-1-1024x416.png 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-3-ingles-1-768x312.png 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-3-ingles-1-1536x624.png 1536w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-3-ingles-1-2048x832.png 2048w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-3-ingles-1-750x305.png 750w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-3-ingles-1-1140x463.png 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2695px) 100vw, 2695px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The new arrivals normalize the existence of Donald Trump. He is not seen as an aberration in the American political system, but a political leader able to inspire rabid support not only from Cuban Americans but from a large portion of the American public. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He is not a toxic figure who mobilizes supporters based on their fears, nostalgia and resentments, but an anti-socialist caudillo playing hard-ball with the Cuban government. At least that is the simplified narrative that passes for political discourse in this Cuban American world. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This narrative conveniently ignores the Republican party\u2019s position on other policies which have a more direct impact on the well-being of the community, i.e. health care, gun violence, education, and immigration policy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any positive memories or interpretations that new arrivals might have about the Obama policies&#8211;the wave of hope and excitement that diplomatic and economic relations unleashed among the people on the island, the anticipation that finally the economic and political situation of the island would move in a positive direction&#8211;any such memories will soon be recast into the simplistic logic of the local political environment: Obama\u2019s policies are responsible for the current situation of oppression and scarcity on the island.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The pull of the Republican party is hard to resist, particularly when there is no counterbalancing pull from the Democratic Party. The Dems have very little penetration into the Cuban American community and an even less impressive organizing strategy. There are committed and talented organizers in the community who consistently are disappointed by the lack of support from the Party.\u00a0 As one activist mentioned, the Democratic Party \u201chas abandoned Cuban Americans.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When it comes time to register to vote, new arrivals float into the Republican lake effortlessly, without causing waves. And even when Republican registration does not boom, the Democrats do not gain. (Figure 4) The growing number of no-party affiliation registrants behave like Republicans when voting. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-4-ingles-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-269431\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-4-ingles-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"3002\" height=\"1274\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-4-ingles-1.png 3002w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-4-ingles-1-300x127.png 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-4-ingles-1-1024x435.png 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-4-ingles-1-768x326.png 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-4-ingles-1-1536x652.png 1536w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-4-ingles-1-2048x869.png 2048w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-4-ingles-1-750x318.png 750w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-4-ingles-1-1140x484.png 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 3002px) 100vw, 3002px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The clearest evidence comes from the 2022 electoral preferences of new arrivals. Of the 46% claiming to be registered democrats (9%) or independents (37%) none planned to vote for the democratic candidate for governor. (Figure 5)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-5-ingles-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-269432\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-5-ingles-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2511\" height=\"1003\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-5-ingles-1.png 2511w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-5-ingles-1-300x120.png 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-5-ingles-1-1024x409.png 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-5-ingles-1-768x307.png 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-5-ingles-1-1536x614.png 1536w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-5-ingles-1-2048x818.png 2048w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-5-ingles-1-750x300.png 750w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-5-ingles-1-1140x455.png 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2511px) 100vw, 2511px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Leadership Matters<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All this might sound profoundly depressing to anyone hoping that new waves of Cubans immigrants would be more prone to support engagement policies and help thaw the cold war core of the exile ideology. But repeatedly we have underestimated the power of conformity in the process of political socialization. The forces shaping the political views of newcomers are many and powerful.\u00a0 Systems\u2014social systems, work systems, economic systems, ideological systems\u2014reward conformity. Stepping outside of the \u201cnormal\u201d identifies one as a \u201cdeviant.\u201d New arrivals do not want to be seen as deviants. For many of them, that is a status better left behind.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What I\u2019ve presented are hypotheses; possible processes based on established patterns of community attitudes and behaviors over the years. The new arrivals might alter the established order. They might contribute to an eruption of tolerance and creative thinking about how Cuban Americans can contribute to the development of Cuba. Sure. This might happen. But my guess is that if we are waiting for a tipping point of attitudes to occur from the bottom up, we might be waiting for two or three generations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, there is one bit of compelling evidence from our decades of research that holds hope.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When we control for the most important variables in the Cuba Poll\u2014gender, age, time of arrival&#8211;we find that when Democrats occupy the White House, the attitudes of Cuban Americans become less intent on isolation and more inclined towards engagement. This pattern has its roots 1991, when we started the poll, but the shift is most dramatic during the Obama years. When President Obama entered the White House, 64% of Cuban Americans supported the embargo (same as throughout all of Bush Jr.\u2019s years). When he left office, the percentage of Cuban Americans supporting the embargo was cut nearly in half to 34%. Other engagement measures responded similarly. (Figure 6)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-6-ingles-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-269433\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-6-ingles-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2337\" height=\"1136\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-6-ingles-1.png 2337w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-6-ingles-1-300x146.png 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-6-ingles-1-1024x498.png 1024w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-6-ingles-1-768x373.png 768w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-6-ingles-1-1536x747.png 1536w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-6-ingles-1-2048x996.png 2048w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-6-ingles-1-750x365.png 750w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Figure-6-ingles-1-1140x554.png 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2337px) 100vw, 2337px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trump tightened the screws on Cuba. Cuban Americans attitudes shifted again towards isolation and sanctions.\u00a0 By 2020, 59 percent of Cuban Americans supported the embargo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The political-party-in-office pattern was broken in the 2022 elections. The Biden administration\u2019s lack of action on Cuba, at least up to October of 2022, when we conducted the last poll, had <\/span><b>no impact<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on the trend initiated during the Trump years.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perhaps the pattern might not be that the <\/span><b>Party<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the White House shapes the opinion of Cuban Americans but maybe it is the <\/span><b>leadership<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> emerging from the White House on Cuba policy that shapes Cuban American opinion.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most hopeful point can be summarized in two words: leadership matters. Build a policy based on national interests, and they, Cuban American arrivals old and new, will come. This is a hypothesis worth testing.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The ideological socialization process that incorporates new migrants into South Florida&#8217;s uncompromising political culture is relentless. The identity of the community seems to depend on maintaining a cold war position on US\/Cuba relations.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3877,"featured_media":269426,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[34105],"tags":[17955,18709],"ppma_author":[34253],"class_list":["post-269370","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-it-is-not-easy","tag-cubans-abroad","tag-cubans-in-miami"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The March of Thousands: Some Considerations on the Incorporation of New Cuban Americans into the South Florida Political Culture | OnCubaNews English<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The ideological socialization process that incorporates new migrants into South Florida&#039;s uncompromising political culture is relentless. The identity of the community seems to depend on maintaining a cold war position on US\/Cuba relations.\u00a0\u00a0\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/it-is-not-easy\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The March of Thousands: Some Considerations on the Incorporation of New Cuban Americans into the South Florida Political Culture | OnCubaNews English\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The ideological socialization process that incorporates new migrants into South Florida&#039;s uncompromising political culture is relentless. The identity of the community seems to depend on maintaining a cold war position on US\/Cuba relations.\u00a0\u00a0\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/it-is-not-easy\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"OnCubaNews English\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-05-10T17:23:19+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/cubanos-en-miami-afp-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1140\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"815\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Guillermo J. Grenier\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Guillermo J. Grenier\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"12 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/opinion\\\/columns\\\/it-is-not-easy\\\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/opinion\\\/columns\\\/it-is-not-easy\\\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Guillermo J. Grenier\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/bd8e451249324e968e1c78e50189e9f9\"},\"headline\":\"The March of Thousands: Some Considerations on the Incorporation of New Cuban Americans into the South Florida Political Culture\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-05-10T17:23:19+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/opinion\\\/columns\\\/it-is-not-easy\\\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2379,\"commentCount\":2,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/opinion\\\/columns\\\/it-is-not-easy\\\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/05\\\/cubanos-en-miami-afp-1.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"cubans abroad\",\"cubans in miami\"],\"articleSection\":[\"It is not easy\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/opinion\\\/columns\\\/it-is-not-easy\\\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\\\/#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2023\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/opinion\\\/columns\\\/it-is-not-easy\\\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/opinion\\\/columns\\\/it-is-not-easy\\\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\\\/\",\"name\":\"The March of Thousands: Some Considerations on the Incorporation of New Cuban Americans into the South Florida Political Culture | OnCubaNews English\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/opinion\\\/columns\\\/it-is-not-easy\\\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/opinion\\\/columns\\\/it-is-not-easy\\\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/05\\\/cubanos-en-miami-afp-1.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-05-10T17:23:19+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/bd8e451249324e968e1c78e50189e9f9\"},\"description\":\"The ideological socialization process that incorporates new migrants into South Florida's uncompromising political culture is relentless. The identity of the community seems to depend on maintaining a cold war position on US\\\/Cuba relations.\u00a0\u00a0\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/opinion\\\/columns\\\/it-is-not-easy\\\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/opinion\\\/columns\\\/it-is-not-easy\\\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/opinion\\\/columns\\\/it-is-not-easy\\\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/05\\\/cubanos-en-miami-afp-1.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/05\\\/cubanos-en-miami-afp-1.jpg\",\"width\":1140,\"height\":815,\"caption\":\"Cubans in Miami. Photo: AFP.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/opinion\\\/columns\\\/it-is-not-easy\\\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Portada\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"The March of Thousands: Some Considerations on the Incorporation of New Cuban Americans into the South Florida Political Culture\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/\",\"name\":\"OnCubaNews English\",\"description\":\"Revista sobre Cuba\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/bd8e451249324e968e1c78e50189e9f9\",\"name\":\"Guillermo J. Grenier\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/02\\\/guillermo-grenier-portrait.png1e377e010f44ac3550e2a2467c511710\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/02\\\/guillermo-grenier-portrait.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/02\\\/guillermo-grenier-portrait.png\",\"caption\":\"Guillermo J. Grenier\"},\"description\":\"Nacido en La Habana, Cuba, es uno de los fundadores de la Escuela de An\u00e1lisis Social de Miami. Es autor o coautor de varios libros y art\u00edculos sobre trabajo, migraci\u00f3n, incorporaci\u00f3n de inmigrantes y perfiles ideol\u00f3gicos de cubanoamericanos. Es experto en actitudes pol\u00edticas de los cubanoamericanos en el sur de Florida. Desde 1991, se ha desempe\u00f1ado como investigador principal de FIU Cuba Poll, un proyecto copatrocinado por el Instituto Cubano de Investigaciones. Recibi\u00f3 su Ph.D. en Sociolog\u00eda y su Maestr\u00eda en Estudios Latinoamericanos de la Universidad de Nuevo M\u00e9xico en Albuquerque. Puedes seguirlo en Twitter: @greniergj https:\\\/\\\/twitter.com\\\/GrenierGJ y Medium: https:\\\/\\\/guillermogrenier.medium.com\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/author\\\/guillermogreniernuevo\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"The March of Thousands: Some Considerations on the Incorporation of New Cuban Americans into the South Florida Political Culture | OnCubaNews English","description":"The ideological socialization process that incorporates new migrants into South Florida's uncompromising political culture is relentless. The identity of the community seems to depend on maintaining a cold war position on US\/Cuba relations.\u00a0\u00a0","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/it-is-not-easy\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"The March of Thousands: Some Considerations on the Incorporation of New Cuban Americans into the South Florida Political Culture | OnCubaNews English","og_description":"The ideological socialization process that incorporates new migrants into South Florida's uncompromising political culture is relentless. The identity of the community seems to depend on maintaining a cold war position on US\/Cuba relations.\u00a0\u00a0","og_url":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/it-is-not-easy\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\/","og_site_name":"OnCubaNews English","article_published_time":"2023-05-10T17:23:19+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1140,"height":815,"url":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/cubanos-en-miami-afp-1.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Guillermo J. Grenier","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Guillermo J. Grenier","Est. reading time":"12 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/it-is-not-easy\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/it-is-not-easy\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\/"},"author":{"name":"Guillermo J. Grenier","@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/bd8e451249324e968e1c78e50189e9f9"},"headline":"The March of Thousands: Some Considerations on the Incorporation of New Cuban Americans into the South Florida Political Culture","datePublished":"2023-05-10T17:23:19+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/it-is-not-easy\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\/"},"wordCount":2379,"commentCount":2,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/it-is-not-easy\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/cubanos-en-miami-afp-1.jpg","keywords":["cubans abroad","cubans in miami"],"articleSection":["It is not easy"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/it-is-not-easy\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\/#respond"]}],"copyrightYear":"2023","copyrightHolder":{"@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/#organization"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/it-is-not-easy\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\/","url":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/it-is-not-easy\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\/","name":"The March of Thousands: Some Considerations on the Incorporation of New Cuban Americans into the South Florida Political Culture | OnCubaNews English","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/it-is-not-easy\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/it-is-not-easy\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/cubanos-en-miami-afp-1.jpg","datePublished":"2023-05-10T17:23:19+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/bd8e451249324e968e1c78e50189e9f9"},"description":"The ideological socialization process that incorporates new migrants into South Florida's uncompromising political culture is relentless. The identity of the community seems to depend on maintaining a cold war position on US\/Cuba relations.\u00a0\u00a0","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/it-is-not-easy\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/it-is-not-easy\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/it-is-not-easy\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/cubanos-en-miami-afp-1.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/cubanos-en-miami-afp-1.jpg","width":1140,"height":815,"caption":"Cubans in Miami. Photo: AFP."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/it-is-not-easy\/the-march-of-thousands-some-considerations-on-the-incorporation-of-new-cuban-americans-into-the-south-florida-political-culture\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Portada","item":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"The March of Thousands: Some Considerations on the Incorporation of New Cuban Americans into the South Florida Political Culture"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/","name":"OnCubaNews English","description":"Revista sobre Cuba","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/bd8e451249324e968e1c78e50189e9f9","name":"Guillermo J. Grenier","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/guillermo-grenier-portrait.png1e377e010f44ac3550e2a2467c511710","url":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/guillermo-grenier-portrait.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/guillermo-grenier-portrait.png","caption":"Guillermo J. Grenier"},"description":"Nacido en La Habana, Cuba, es uno de los fundadores de la Escuela de An\u00e1lisis Social de Miami. Es autor o coautor de varios libros y art\u00edculos sobre trabajo, migraci\u00f3n, incorporaci\u00f3n de inmigrantes y perfiles ideol\u00f3gicos de cubanoamericanos. Es experto en actitudes pol\u00edticas de los cubanoamericanos en el sur de Florida. Desde 1991, se ha desempe\u00f1ado como investigador principal de FIU Cuba Poll, un proyecto copatrocinado por el Instituto Cubano de Investigaciones. Recibi\u00f3 su Ph.D. en Sociolog\u00eda y su Maestr\u00eda en Estudios Latinoamericanos de la Universidad de Nuevo M\u00e9xico en Albuquerque. Puedes seguirlo en Twitter: @greniergj https:\/\/twitter.com\/GrenierGJ y Medium: https:\/\/guillermogrenier.medium.com\/","url":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/author\/guillermogreniernuevo\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":34253,"user_id":3877,"is_guest":0,"slug":"guillermogreniernuevo","display_name":"Guillermo J. Grenier","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/guillermo-grenier-portrait.png","url2x":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/guillermo-grenier-portrait.png"},"0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/269370","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3877"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=269370"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/269370\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":269434,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/269370\/revisions\/269434"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/269426"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=269370"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=269370"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=269370"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=269370"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}