{"id":270322,"date":"2023-05-27T03:00:42","date_gmt":"2023-05-27T07:00:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/?p=270322"},"modified":"2023-05-26T14:56:14","modified_gmt":"2023-05-26T18:56:14","slug":"looking-at-cuba-thirty-years-later","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/looking-at-cuba-thirty-years-later\/","title":{"rendered":"Looking at Cuba: thirty years later"},"content":{"rendered":"

Alluding to the popularity of Heredia\u2019s \u201cOde to Niagara,\u201d Rub\u00e9n Mart\u00ednez Villena baptized his famous \u201cCanci\u00f3n del sainete p\u00f3stumo\u201d (\u201cI will die of anything….\u201d) as his \u201cNiagarita\u201d (little Niagara). That is why Roberto Retamar once told us that \u201cEl otro\u201d (\u201cWe the survivors, to whom we owe the survival.\u2026\u201d) was going to be <\/span>his<\/span><\/i> \u201cNiagarita.\u201d It may be, however, that \u201cFelices los normales\u201d (\u201cthose strange beings….\u201d) ends up being Roberto\u2019s most remembered poem. You never know.<\/span><\/p>\n

All this is to refer to an essay of mine, entitled \u201cMirar a Cuba\u201d (Looking at Cuba), written and published thirty years ago. In addition to proposing its rereading here, and seeing how old it has gotten, I want to take the opportunity to tell a little about its intrahistory, the situation and immediate posterity that surrounded it. Not only because it may be, let\u2019s say, \u201cmy Niagarita,\u201d but because many ignore that part of our recent history, of which we are part, often without knowing it.<\/span><\/p>\n

As we began to descend the maelstrom of the Special Period, the cultural and intellectual world was abuzz with ideas. No electricity, no fuel, no buses, no agricultural markets, no dollar stores that you could enter, and there was no paper to print magazines (nor were there digital publications like now, of course). In that deep whirlpool where we increasingly fell each day, the resonances of the 1980s still hovered around us.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Havana,
Havana, April 2023. Photo: EFE\/Yander Zamora.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The critical and revisionist spirit that settled in the final part of that decade is essential to understand the 1990s, especially since some evoke it today without having any idea of what it was.<\/span><\/p>\n

The so-called \u201cRectification of errors and negative trends\u201d launched to review the Soviet economic model had opened the Pandora\u2019s box of Cuban society. The public debates on the \u201cRectification\u201d opened up, for the first time, to critical issues. Discussions about political participation, freedom of expression, inequalities, discrimination and persistent prejudices (racial, religious, sexual), a crisis of the orthodox Marxism that was taught everywhere, resonances from the Soviet perestroika, led to an exceptional document \u2014 also forgotten today \u2014 entitled \u201c<\/span>Call to the 4th Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba<\/span><\/a>\u201d (whose reading I recommend, at least once).<\/span><\/p>\n

The setback of the Special Period suddenly stopped that \u201cRectification,\u201d without having succeeded in replacing the criticized model; rather dragging it on.<\/span><\/p>\n

It was those resonances of inconclusive discussions that led to Armando Hart\u2019s meetings with a group of writers and artists in the courtyard of the Center for Mart\u00ed Studies, at Calzada and 4, between 1992 and 1993.<\/span><\/p>\n

Those informal meetings, in which Hart was present as one more of the participants, put all kinds of problems on the table, around which Abel Prieto, Senel Paz, Francisco L\u00f3pez Sacha, Norberto Codina and other writers would gather on Saturdays. Based on my notes from those meetings I wrote a personal reflection focused on the nature of our political problems, within the framework of the ongoing social, cultural and ideological changes, and their representations abroad. That mammoth text had 45 pages.<\/span><\/p>\n

Getting it published in the midst of the prevailing power cuts seemed almost impossible, and doing it outside first did not interest me. The only magazine that had managed to resurface, after being interrupted between late 1990 and January 1992, was <\/span>La Gaceta<\/span><\/i>, of the UNEAC (Union of Writers and Artists of Cuba), whose president, Abel Prieto, had shown enthusiasm when he read it.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIf you reduce it to 15 pages, we publish it,\u201d he told me. I spent a good part of that August of 1993 taking advantage of the few hours we had electricity to write, after sixteen versions, what would become \u201cLooking at Cuba.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Photo:
Photo: Kaloian.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

It came out heading the September-October issue of <\/span>La Gaceta<\/span><\/i>, accompanied by some memorable texts; in particular, the special selection on Cuban literature prepared by Ambrosio Fornet, in which authors such as Roberto Gonz\u00e1lez Echeverr\u00eda and Gustavo P\u00e9rez-Firmat appeared for the first time, not exactly fellow travelers of the Revolution. And an extraordinary interview by Rebeca Ch\u00e1vez with Tit\u00f3n, who had just finished filming <\/span>Strawberry and Chocolate<\/span><\/i> and harshly criticized the ideological apparatuses that had orchestrated the repudiation of <\/span>Alicia en el pueblo de Maravillas<\/span><\/i> (Alice in Wondertown), by Daniel D\u00edaz Torres, in the summer of 1991, barely two years before. The dynamics of the ongoing change were palpable.<\/span><\/p>\n

In those pre-Internet days, the reaction to my essay couldn\u2019t have been more instantaneous. The controversy began with the narrator Armando Crist\u00f3bal, commenting on the very pages of <\/span>La Gaceta<\/span><\/i> about the use I made of civil society, a concept with \u201cHegelian\u201d resonances, according to him, surpassed by Marx himself; in addition to being used by the enemy to attack us, opposing society and the State.<\/span><\/p>\n

I thanked Crist\u00f3bal for his text, very respectful and sober, which was perfect for taking out what I had left in while I rewrote \u201cLooking at Cuba.\u201d In the debate with him and, incidentally, with the Mexican Jorge Casta\u00f1eda, whose <\/span>Utopia Unarmed<\/span><\/i> had just been published, I explained the genealogy of the concept, criticized the characterizations of civil society as \u201cHegelian\u201d and vindicated its use by Marx and Gramsci in their mature works. And also, naturally, in contemporary Marxism and anti-capitalist social movements, apart from the Soviet vulgate and its usage by anti-communists in Eastern Europe, and by their Western allies.<\/span><\/p>\n

The posterity of \u201cLooking at Cuba\u201d included such a prolific debate that, just shortly after, <\/span>Milena Recio<\/span><\/a> was able to write her undergraduate thesis based on a series of interviews with the participants: Ra\u00fal Vald\u00e9s Viv\u00f3, Armando Hart, Jorge Luis Acanda, Haroldo Dilla, Isabel Monal, Miguel Limia, Berta \u00c1lvarez.\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

The chain reaction, which extended throughout the 1990s, was not limited to cultural magazines and academic debates. Some denounced that \u201cthey want to stick us with civil society here,\u201d to finally opt for \u201cgenuine socialist civil society, made up of the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDRs), the Federation of Cuban Women (FMC), the Organization of Cuban Unions (CTC),\u201d etc., always with a bias of suspicion. They said that in the Cuban debate around the concept, academicians were giving in to pressure from the enemy, who wanted to \u201ccorner us.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

The most interesting thing was not only how, despite these allergic reactions, the very idea of civil society would become part, over time, of political discourse, but also broadened the intellectual pitch with which we Cubans digested the surrounding reality, and showed that heterodoxy, so often ostracized in the past, was essential to analyze what was happening to us.<\/span><\/p>\n

That was what I wanted to do in \u201cLooking at Cuba,\u201d beyond the blessed term and its genetic code.<\/span><\/p>\n

Approaching ourselves to the relationship between intellectuals and politics, between politicians and culture, between changes in society and consensus, between political culture and ideology, in a transition dynamic, required getting rid of the dead weight that would not let us think.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Foto:
Photo: EFE\/Ernesto Mastrascusa.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Some readers will say that this fight is not over. And they are right. In fact, it has been my modest experience over almost thirty years, bringing out the <\/span>Temas<\/span><\/i> magazine, in the Last Thursday debates, the <\/span>Catalejo<\/span><\/i> blog, the e-books brought out by Temas publishers.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt hasn\u2019t been easy\u201d is hardly an understatement. But, after all, let\u2019s say that all trades have their professional diseases, of which it is only possible to be wary.<\/span><\/p>\n

Without \u201cLooking at Cuba,\u201d that opportunity would not have come to me. Neither the intense debate that gives meaning to what I wrote later. It was worth having distilled it in that decisive summer of 1993, and continuing to defend its ideas in subsequent essays that would end up forming a volume with the same title, published in Cuba only once, in 1999, with 500 copies; and later republished, in Mexico and in the United States. As those editions have been out of print for a while, I leave here the original essay for the reader to see if it is still readable. No pity please.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"The
The volume \u201cMirar a Cuba,\u201d published on the island in 1999.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

As for whether or not it is my \u201cNiagarita,\u201d I already said it: one never knows.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Three decades ago a debate showed that heterodoxy, so often ostracized, was essential to analyze what was happening to us in Cuba.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3343,"featured_media":270329,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13902,13910],"tags":[34652,17901],"ppma_author":[34051],"class_list":["post-270322","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cuba","category-politics-in-cuba","tag-cuban","tag-economic-politics-in-cuba"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLooking at Cuba: thirty years later | OnCubaNews English<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Cuba: The critical and revisionist spirit that settled in the final part of that decade is essential to understand the 1990s.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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