{"id":272788,"date":"2023-07-14T08:31:07","date_gmt":"2023-07-14T12:31:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/?p=272788"},"modified":"2023-07-14T08:31:07","modified_gmt":"2023-07-14T12:31:07","slug":"discrimination-in-the-powers-united-states-and-france","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/society-cuba\/discrimination-in-the-powers-united-states-and-france\/","title":{"rendered":"Discrimination in the powers: United States and France"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>End of affirmative action in U.S. college admissions<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although in a restricted way, U.S. universities until recently could favor racial minorities for admission. However, the Supreme Court of Justice <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ruled<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on June 29 that skin color would no longer be an element to allow admission to U.S. universities. This, which had been considered a positive discrimination policy, has now been deleted. Some organizations have specified that the ruling goes against the principle of the prohibition of the regression of rights. Positive discrimination for admission to universities arose in the struggles of the 1960s.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The same president, Joe Biden, has spoken out against the Court\u2019s judicial decision. Likewise, the Democratic leader of the Senate, Chuck Schumer, described the decision as <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.france24.com\/es\/ee-uu-y-canad%C3%A1\/20230629-la-corte-suprema-de-ee-uu-termina-con-la-discriminaci%C3%B3n-positiva-en-las-universidades\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ill-advised<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Instead, Donald Trump and Republican leader Kevin McCarthy hailed the resolution for returning to the path of \u201cmerit.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"500\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">For decades, the Supreme Court recognized a college\u2019s freedom to decide how to build a diverse student body and provide opportunity.<\/p>\n<p>Today, the Court walked away from precedent, effectively ending affirmative action in higher education.<\/p>\n<p>I strongly disagree with this decision.<\/p>\n<p>&mdash; President Biden (@POTUS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/POTUS\/status\/1674460493803577344?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 29, 2023<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The conservative organization Students for Fair Admissions, led by Edward Blum, was the one that sued before the Court the violation of the rights of non-discrimination in cases of Harvard University and the University of North Carolina. The Court\u2019s decision is even more surprising because it mentions that Harvard\u2019s policies would have violated the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, as well as Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, which is against racial discrimination. The conservative composition of the Court was entrenched in its vote, with 6 votes in favor in each case, 3 against, in the case of North Carolina, and 2 against for Harvard.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Judge John Roberts, draftsman of the majority, asserts that \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/mundo\/articles\/c84wnlw77nko\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">skin color<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d was wrongly taken as a point of identity instead of abilities. This argument uses the criterion of positive discrimination in reverse; that is to say, that rights would be violated by considering the stereotype of skin color for admission. Thus, Harvard and North Carolina would have misused these principles by barring whites and Asians from entering.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Roberts <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/mundo\/articles\/c84wnlw77nko\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">wrote<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that Harvard\u2019s admissions processes are based on that pernicious stereotype that \u201ca black student can usually bring something that a white person cannot.\u201d However, the resolution emphasizes that the past of racial discrimination can be used in favor of the application.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For her part, Judge Sonia Sotomayor <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wfla.com\/tampa-hoy\/decadas-de-precedentes-y-avances-trascendentales-sotomoyar-discrepa-fuertemente-con-fallo-de-la-corte\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">criticized the decision<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, for being a setback of several decades in U.S. legal precedents. In addition, the real problem that the sentence opens is that its application will lead to more lawsuits for racial discrimination.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Court ruling has an ideological interpretation, to say that the rights of minorities are a racist stereotype, which strengthens the American white hegemony.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>The Nahel case in France<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The killing of 17-year-old Nahel Merzouk on June 27 by a police officer\u2019s shot was the straw that broke the camel\u2019s back. The crime joins a record of similar incidents.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the time of Nahel\u2019s murder, France had not yet overcome the social upheaval caused by Emmanuel Macron to reform the country\u2019s social security, so the population was in an active mobilization phase. Several towns in Paris rose up and soon the whole country.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The authorities reported disturbances; on the first day of the protests alone, 667 people were arrested. \u201cWhat am I going to do now?\u201d <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/eldiario.com\/2023\/06\/30\/nahel-adolescente-que-murio-a-manos-de-policia-en-francia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Merzouk\u2019s mother said<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> after learning of the fact, and her words were replicated in the protests. The teenager was of Algerian origin, which pointed to a crime of racial segregation. The Nahel case became a national issue.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After several days of disturbances, Minister of the Interior G\u00e9rald Darmanin was rebuked by the Senate\u2019s Internal Affairs Committee. Most of the protesters are between the ages of 12 and 17.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, the central knot of the anti-racial mobilizations should not be confused with the objective of the press that defends Macron, which brands the entire riot movement as social misfits. The burning of vehicles, buildings, patrol cars, looting, and even attacks on mayors have been the focus of mainstream media attention. Many of them hide the problems of migration and reactivate the issue of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=TANG7ykpa-k\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">attacks in 2015 against <\/span><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Charlie Hebdo<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for having published caricatures of Muhammad.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The reality of discrimination is corroborated by the institutionality, people who are perceived as being of African or Arab descent are \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/es\/por-qu%C3%A9-el-pasado-colonial-y-el-racismo-en-francia-est%C3%A1n-detr%C3%A1s-de-las-violentas-protestas\/a-66103606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">twenty times more likely<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to be detained by the French police.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Racial formations<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The slave structure with which the United States survived in the 19th century and part of the 20th, the composition of the metropolises that geographically segregated Afro-descendants, and later Asians, Latinos and other ethnic groups, have not been completely overcome in the 21st century.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the most recent protests, the Black Lives Matter movement began with the acquittal of George Zimmerman in 2013 of a conviction for the shooting to death of an African-American teenager, Trayvon Martin; it was strengthened in 2014, by the protests over the murder of the young Michael Brown and Eric Garner; and the case that caused the greatest repercussion in the United States and the world, the murder of George Floyd by suffocation in an act of police brutality, by Dereck Chauvin, while Floyd said: <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I can\u2019t breathe<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All these crimes show the cruel institutional racial differences, as well as what Michelle Alexander <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/newjimcrow.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">calls The New Jim Crow<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: mass racial incarceration. It is impossible to talk about discrimination without touching these reliefs moderately; and obviously that inequality in college admissions can be sustained from different angles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The independence and liberation of several French colonies in the mid-20th century modified the subordination between them and the imperialist center, and their economic and political influence; like the bloody independence of Algeria in 1962. Migration from African and Arab countries to France has constantly changed its internal structure, leading to the construction of different types of peripheries; neighborhoods and suburbs that are home to diverse ethnic groups, neglected by municipalities, with few social and public services.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The mobilizations against Macron\u2019s social security reforms were also nourished by these discriminated working classes. However, the advance of the French extreme right that reached the second round in 2017 and 2022 is undeniable. It is unquestionable that the explosion of the Nahel case obtained the convergence of these complicated social moments.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A controversial U.S. Supreme Court decision on affirmative action, and the murder of a teenager in France raise unresolved racial conflicts.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12345837,"featured_media":272790,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13908],"tags":[33505],"ppma_author":[34644],"class_list":["post-272788","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-society-cuba","tag-discrimination"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Discrimination in the powers: United States and France | OnCubaNews English<\/title>\n<meta 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