{"id":305508,"date":"2024-07-14T09:37:32","date_gmt":"2024-07-14T13:37:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/?p=305508"},"modified":"2025-02-24T17:54:26","modified_gmt":"2025-02-24T22:54:26","slug":"english-the-island-and-hialeah","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/opinion\/columns\/rolled-up-sleeves\/english-the-island-and-hialeah\/","title":{"rendered":"English, the island and Hialeah"},"content":{"rendered":"

In 1945, a nationalist critic like Juan J. Remos gave an account of the process of modernization\/North Americanization of Cuban national life, which began with the first intervention, as the historian Marial Iglesias has insuperably studied in her book <\/span>Las met\u00e1foras del cambio<\/i><\/b>.<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

In its chapter <\/span>Historia de la literatura cubana<\/span><\/i> (History of Cuban Literature) she wrote:<\/span><\/p>\n

The literary process has run parallel with the political and social process. Strange influences, which have also been felt in customs, have been reflected in art. American taste has left its marks on our social organization, in private and public life; the dances, the music, the meaning of the life of relationship, the character, the uses were modified to the rhythm of the great neighbors. The traditional customs varied, the family regime, the entertainment, courtesy itself; everything; and the club erased the home gatherings, the atmosphere became more frivolous, the clothes became lighter, and not only was the Three Wise Men festival replaced by that of the exotic Santa Claus, but even our incomparable cigar has been supplanted by the opiate mixture of the Yankee cigarette.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

And later she pointed out:<\/span><\/p>\n

All this found its echo in literature. Poets and prose writers brought the new U.S. currents to their themes, without missing the <\/span><\/i>flapper<\/span>, the boxer and the <\/span><\/i>clubman<\/span>. Our physiognomy, in fact, seemed to be diluted in a maelstrom of social snobbery, and literature, which is nourished by reality, was also filled with <\/span><\/i>films<\/span>, <\/span><\/i>handicaps<\/span>, <\/span><\/i>clubs<\/span>, <\/span><\/i>cabarets<\/span>, <\/span><\/i>stadiums<\/span>, <\/span><\/i>girls<\/span>, <\/span><\/i>skating<\/span> ring<\/span>, <\/span><\/i>leaving<\/span> room<\/span> [sic, living room, A. P], <\/span><\/i>hall<\/span>, <\/span><\/i>sandwich<\/span>, <\/span><\/i>chaisse<\/span> longe<\/span>, etc. The language, therefore, has in turn suffered a strong and violent shock, which has unhinged it….<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Beyond the excessive conservatism of this opinion, that was, in effect, the trend, which would reach an almost paroxysmal point just five years later, with the mafia installed in the casinos and the waves of wealthy U.S. products and tourists in hotels and streets of Havana.<\/span><\/p>\n

Back then the city was full of lights and advertisements, often in English. The middle classes went to the stores to buy a Frigidaire \u2014 it was just the name of a brand, but it was in fact extended to all refrigerators, as documented in Quintero\u2019s play <\/span>Contigo pan y cebolla<\/i><\/b><\/a> \u2014 and miscellaneous merchandise in Miami during a weekend.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Nightclubs like the Turf, Johnny\u2019s Dream and others were part of a then-expansive cultural scene. But that legacy is almost unknown to the new generations of Cubans, for whom it is sometimes impossible to conceptually and phonetically distinguish between the name Ward, attributed to a Havana ice cream parlor present in Cuba of the 1950s, owned by an American corporation of the same name, and the term Word.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
The former Harris Brothers Company is now a TRD on O\u2019Reilly Street. Photo: Otmaro Rodriguez.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

During the 1960s, the confrontation also had its linguistic terrain. English became the language of the \u201cenemy\u201d and of intervention and alienation of national heritage. Furthermore, as if that were not enough, it appeared in the bombs that did not explode in the Sierra, in the boxes with weapons for the Escambray guerrilla groups and in the documents seized from foreign diplomats who worked for the CIA.<\/span><\/p>\n

The shock wave of this phenomenon even reached everyday conversation: the okay was then changed to a Spanishized OK. Exclusive neighborhoods like the Havana Biltmore were renamed with indigenous words \u2014 say, for example, Siboney, Atabey and Cubanac\u00e1n \u2014 and the golf courses of the aristocracy were replaced by art schools or military training centers.<\/span><\/p>\n

In the realms of music, there would be a mechanical identification between culture and politics for some time, the most striking result of which was the <\/span>\u00a0<\/span>demonization of\u00a0<\/b>rock and roll<\/i><\/b>,<\/b><\/a> included in a category called \u201ccultural penetration,\u201d forgetting, however, that on the other hand, it was an expression of counterculture and questioning the establishment.<\/span><\/p>\n

Later, during the institutionalization stage (1971-1986), English was not the protagonist either, although its teaching did not disappear from language schools, curricula and university courses at the Faculty of Foreign Languages <\/span>\u200b\u200b<\/span>of the University of Havana and the pedagogical institutes.<\/span><\/p>\n

Defined as the language of collaboration, Russian then occupied most of the visual horizon of the 1970s and 1980s. It was studied by Cubans who went to the USSR to train in different specialties, technical or not. And an unprecedented event would also occur in national culture when Russian language classes were taught on the radio. A television program with popular participation, 9,550 (the distance in kilometers that separates Cuba from the then USSR) rewarded the winner with a trip to the homeland of Lenin and Stalin.<\/span><\/p>\n

With the collapse of the Berlin Wall, the reform process of the 1990s and the so-called \u201cupdate of the Cuban model,\u201d English began to socially regain ground. Globalization, foreign contacts and immigration reform brought words of English origin back to the Cuban scene to baptize the businesses of the new emerging economy.<\/span><\/p>\n

In a list taken at random, there are names such as Havana\u2019s 21, NAO Cuban Restaurant, Chicken Little, King Bar Restaurant \u2015 this, a very original two-way avenue that denotes in its translation both \u201cking\u201d and \u201cfornicate\u201d \u2015, VIP Havana and Restaurant Opera Slow & Food.<\/span><\/p>\n

In cafes, El Louvre Coffee Shop and Waoo!; in pastry shops, Leo\u2019s Cakes, Burner Brothers and Tammy\u2019s Cakes, which now come to join historical sites such as the very famous Sloopy Joe\u2019s \u2015 restored by the Office of the Historian of Havana \u2015 and the Two Brothers Bar, both in Old Havana.<\/span><\/p>\n

This process has an impact on everyday speech, beyond computers, technology, the Internet and baseball: today the new generations of Cubans frequently invite themselves to attend a good \u201c<\/span>pary<\/span><\/i>\u201d (party) \u2014 in my time the word for party was another, \u201c<\/span>g\u00fciro<\/span><\/i>\u201d \u2014 they talk about a tremendous pair of \u201c<\/span>ch\u00fas<\/span><\/i>\u201d (shoes) and the newborns are registered in the Registry as Michael, Bryan, Christian, Jennifer or Samantha.<\/span><\/p>\n

When the new century arrived, the island\u2019s authorities took a turn by proclaiming the obligation to master English to obtain a university degree. \u201cWe have to solve the problem that Cuban professionals are not capable of expressing themselves in the universal language of our time,\u201d said a <\/span>senior official<\/b><\/a> of the Ministry of Education, as if the ground lost up to this point were the work of the Holy Spirit or the result of spontaneous generation. A statement, however, in tune with the times. According to the codes of political scientists and cultural studies theorists, it implied the acceptance of English as the lingua franca of globalization.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Pollo Tropical, Hialeah. Photo: Taken from Flickr (online).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

However, the previous phenomenon is accompanied by a paradox on the other side of the Strait. And this tendency to learn Shakespeare\u2019s language tends to have a fairly low profile in the new emigration \u2015 the same one that has broken records with visits to volcanoes (meaning going to Nicaragua to continue to the U.S. border), the border and the parole \u2015 when settling in the enclave of Miami, where people, like in Cuba, can go about their social life without knowing a word of English. It is possibly the only locality in the Union where \u201cEnglish spoken\u201d signs have appeared and still appear in certain commercial establishments.<\/span><\/p>\n

Or the only one in which <\/span>a Cuban employee of Taco Bell refuses to accept a customer\u2019s order because she, an Anglo, did not speak a word of Spanish<\/b><\/a>. To complete the picture, another saleswoman of the same nationality shouted at the African-American woman in a rather discomposed tone: \u201cGo to 29th Avenue! This is Hialeah! English is not spoken here!\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Calle 8, Miami. Photo: Marita P\u00e9rez.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The incident, rather tragicomic, but in any way illustrative, refers to the fact that in that so-called \u201ccity-temple of Cubanness,\u201d often considered the least diverse in the country, <\/span>is where the least people use English at home (6.4%) and where they use Spanish most in daily social life (93.1%).<\/b><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This is a sociological phenomenon that does not end in resistance, since it is a result of the insertion of newcomers to the enclave in the lowest part of its labor structure, and of having to allocate 10 or more hours a day to pay the bills in a scenario marked by the increase in rents and the weight of inflation on products and services. There is very little or no time left to learn that Shakespearean language in college.<\/span><\/p>\n

That learning is postponed, often for a lifetime.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The relationship between Cuba and the United States goes beyond politics. Language has been and is, both in one country and the other, one of the ways through which their close cultural ties are manifested.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3462,"featured_media":305510,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[34985],"tags":[23847,19256,6045,34916],"ppma_author":[33935],"class_list":["post-305508","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-rolled-up-sleeves","tag-cuban-american-population","tag-featured","tag-florida","tag-hialeah"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEnglish, the island and Hialeah | OnCubaNews English<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The relationship between Cuba and the United States goes beyond politics. 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