
{"id":322927,"date":"2025-05-16T18:51:41","date_gmt":"2025-05-16T22:51:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/?p=322927"},"modified":"2025-05-16T18:51:41","modified_gmt":"2025-05-16T22:51:41","slug":"fuente-de-la-india-a-traveling-statue-in-havana","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/society-cuba\/cuban-history\/fuente-de-la-india-a-traveling-statue-in-havana\/","title":{"rendered":"Fuente de la India, a traveling statue in Havana"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although the Neptune Fountain holds the record for most moves (six), according to Emilio Roig de Leuchsenring, Historian of the City, there is another \u201crestless\u201d one that apparently follows in the statistics: the Fuente de la India, also known as the Fountain of Noble Havana or of Havana.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The idea to erect the statue was conceived in 1835 by statesman and economist Claudio Mart\u00ednez de Pinillos, Count of Villanueva, who held, among other positions, that of director of the General Treasury.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The project was part of a general plan that enabled economic advancement, the construction of hospitals and public buildings, bridges, roads, and the Ferdinand VII Aqueduct.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To improve Havana\u2019s public ornamentation, the Count of Villanueva conceived the idea of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u200b\u200b<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">placing monumental fountains along the promenades. According to an article published by S. de Urbino in the magazine <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arquitectura<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in December 1936, a public subscription was held to raise the necessary funds. However, a biographical sketch of the Count housed in the City Historian\u2019s Office also states that he financed this project from his own pocket and donated it to the city.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_322931\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-322931\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Claudio-Martinez-de-Pinillos-conde-de-Villlanueva-quien-tuvo-la-idea-de-edificar-la-fuente-de-la-India-foto-www.cubadebate.cu_-600x540-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-322931\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Claudio-Martinez-de-Pinillos-conde-de-Villlanueva-quien-tuvo-la-idea-de-edificar-la-fuente-de-la-India-foto-www.cubadebate.cu_-600x540-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Claudio-Martinez-de-Pinillos-conde-de-Villlanueva-quien-tuvo-la-idea-de-edificar-la-fuente-de-la-India-foto-www.cubadebate.cu_-600x540-1.jpg 600w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Claudio-Martinez-de-Pinillos-conde-de-Villlanueva-quien-tuvo-la-idea-de-edificar-la-fuente-de-la-India-foto-www.cubadebate.cu_-600x540-1-300x270.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-322931\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The statesman and businessman Claudio Mart\u00ednez de Pinillos, Count of Villanueva, planned to place beautiful fountains along the promenades to improve Havana\u2019s public ornamentation.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe monument to Ferdinand VII had already been inaugurated that same year in the Plaza de Armas, and due to its success, the Colonel of Engineers, Don Miguel Pastor, was commissioned to design the plans for two new fountains; one would be called Havana, with an indigenous woman, and the other, the Fountain of the Lions,\u201d says S. de Urbino.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The plans were sent to Genoa, Italy, where friends of the Count of Villanueva arranged a contract with the Italian sculptor <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.es\/Gaggini-tropico-cancro-Libri-dartista\/dp\/8822901290\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Giuseppe Gaggini<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, who, assisted by the architect Tagliafichi, executed the project. The two fountains cost 40,000 francs, according to Roig.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Muse of chroniclers and poets<\/b><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_322932\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-322932\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Grabado-publicado-en-La-Ilustracion-600x340-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-322932\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Grabado-publicado-en-La-Ilustracion-600x340-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Grabado-publicado-en-La-Ilustracion-600x340-1.jpg 600w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Grabado-publicado-en-La-Ilustracion-600x340-1-300x170.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-322932\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Poets, chroniclers, and painters expressed their admiration for the Fuente de la India fountain in their works.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/cultura\/literatura\/herederos-boggiano-en-cuba-monumento-viviente\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Carved from Carrara marble<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the neoclassical style, the Fuente de la India was placed in January 1837 in front of the East or Tac\u00f3n Gate of the Military Camp, in the place previously occupied by the statue of King Charles III, moved to the beginning of the Camino del Pr\u00edncipe.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At that time, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/cuba\/sociedad-cuba\/historia\/transporte-habana-siglo-xix\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>carriage rides<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> around the avenue where the fountain stood were common. Furthermore, after performances at the Tac\u00f3n Theater, the audience would linger for a while, chatting while the cries of merchants could be heard from street stalls, offering milk punch, hazelnuts, and various homemade sweets.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Due to its majesty, the sculpture aroused the admiration of both Cubans and foreign travelers, and inspired poets and chroniclers. Tranquilino Sandalio de Noda Mart\u00ednez, a learned Cuban naturalist, geographer, surveyor, agronomist, journalist, and essayist, wrote an article in 1841 that read:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In front of the gates of the city of Havana\u2026there is a white marble fountain rising on a rectangular pedestal, on whose four corners and prominent pilasters rest four marble dolphins, whose bronze tongues serve as spouts for the water that pours into the wide shell surrounding the pedestal\u2026. Above everything, on an artificial rock, sits a beautiful statue representing a graceful young indigenous woman looking toward the East; her head is crowned by a feathered turban\u2026and she carries a quiver full of arrows on her left shoulder.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_322933\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-322933\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Grabado-de-Mialhe-600x258-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-322933\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Grabado-de-Mialhe-600x258-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Grabado-de-Mialhe-600x258-1.jpg 600w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Grabado-de-Mialhe-600x258-1-300x129.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-322933\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Among the artists who recreated the fountain in their works is the Frenchman Frederic Mialhe. Painter, engraver, lithographer, typographer, scientist, professor, and fifth director of San Alejandro Fine Arts Academy.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The following year, Gabriel de la Concepci\u00f3n Vald\u00e9s, Pl\u00e1cido, dedicated to it the poem \u201cA la fuente de la India Habana.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Look at Havana there, the color of snow,<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a gentle indigenous woman of fine structure,<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dominating a crystalline fountain,<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">seated on a small alabaster throne;<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">She never murmurs about her treacherous fate,<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nor does she lament the sun that fascinates her,<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nor does the harsh weather exterminate her,<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nor does the furious tempest move her.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oh beauty! Your suffering is greater<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">than that tenacious and expansive wall<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that surrounds your beautiful pavement;<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yet you are all pure marble<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">without soul, without color, without feeling<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">made by blows with hard iron.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And in September 1850, Pablo Ortiga Rey, a Spanish literary vernacular person and public official, wrote a text entitled \u201cCuadro comparativo entre La Habana de 1834 con la de 1850,\u201d published in two parts by the newspaper <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La Ilustraci\u00f3n<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in which he noted:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Fuente de la India in Havana can only be compared to that of Madrid\u2019s Cibeles. A colossal statue of beautiful stone, leaning very gently on a kind of carriage, and with the horn of plenty at its side, represents the perfect type of the indigenous race, whose forms and contours are described with admirable clarity and truth. Several genies and allegorical objects crawl at the foot of the image. From the sumptuous pedestal on which it is placed, four thick pipes emerge, depositing the crystal-clear liquid that passes through them into a limpid basin. A beautiful slatted fence surrounds the fountain, and a lovely little garden perfumes the space through the fence and the basin.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to Emilio Roig de Leuchsenring, in a chronicle published in the magazine <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in October 1934, \u201cof all the statuary monuments from the colonial era that Havana possesses, the one that deserves the greatest and most singular attention, for its artistic beauty and for its symbolism and historical representation, is the Fuente de la India&#8230;.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_322934\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-322934\" style=\"width: 645px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/La-fuente-de-la-India-en-1866.-Grabado-publicado-en-El-Museo-Universal.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-322934\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/La-fuente-de-la-India-en-1866.-Grabado-publicado-en-El-Museo-Universal.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"645\" height=\"726\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/La-fuente-de-la-India-en-1866.-Grabado-publicado-en-El-Museo-Universal.jpg 645w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/La-fuente-de-la-India-en-1866.-Grabado-publicado-en-El-Museo-Universal-267x300.jpg 267w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 645px) 100vw, 645px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-322934\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The image of the Fuente de la India was frequently reproduced in lithographs, magazines, and postcards. An 1866 engraving published in El Museo Universal.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>Moves<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It didn\u2019t remain in its original location for long. In 1841, it was placed in the second section of Prado Avenue, between the Tac\u00f3n Theater, later the National Theater, and the gates of the wall, known as Montserrat. It remained there until January 23, 1863, when the City Council decided to move it to the center of what is now Parque Central, between San Rafael Street and Neptuno Square.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Havana residents believed that, at last, the authorities would leave the colossal indigenous woman alone. They were wrong. When the Bourbons regained power in 1875, the Havana City Council wanted to celebrate in style and decided to build a monument to honor Queen Isabella II, a sculpture to be placed in the Parque Central. So they moved the Fuente de la India again, this time to its former location on Prado Avenue. Although in a different position, it would face the Campo de Marte field for military exercises.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A few decades passed. General Gerardo Machado ruled Cuba. Under the direction of his Secretary of Public Works, the lawyer and businessman Carlos Miguel de C\u00e9spedes, in 1928 the Campo de Marte was transformed into the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/canaldigital\/galerias\/flashazo\/flashazo-ay-el-parque-de-la-fraternidad\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Parque de la Fraternidad Americana<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. But this time they didn\u2019t move the fountain to a different location; they settled for changing its orientation: it would now face the sea. Furthermore, they placed it on a 3-meter base.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_322935\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-322935\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Construccion-del-Parque-de-la-Fraternidad-en-1928.-Foto-publicada-en-la-revista-Carteles-600x456-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-322935\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Construccion-del-Parque-de-la-Fraternidad-en-1928.-Foto-publicada-en-la-revista-Carteles-600x456-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Construccion-del-Parque-de-la-Fraternidad-en-1928.-Foto-publicada-en-la-revista-Carteles-600x456-1.jpg 600w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Construccion-del-Parque-de-la-Fraternidad-en-1928.-Foto-publicada-en-la-revista-Carteles-600x456-1-300x228.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-322935\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1928, Fraternidad Park was built in Havana, and the Fuente de la India underwent its final change: it now faced the sea. Photo published in Carteles in 1928.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the years went by, other symbols of the Cuban capital\u2019s identity were incorporated. Perhaps the Fuente de la India no longer carries the same symbolic weight it once did, when it was said that anyone who visited Havana and didn\u2019t see it would be as if they had never been in the city. Its reign was astonishing, as chronicler S. de Urbino expressed in his old 1936 print:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today it is a symbol linked to the name of the City; we have no work of art that is as popular in Cuba as it is abroad, nor that has been reproduced so widely in lithographs, magazines, postcards, etc. It has become, as its creators intended, the emblem of the Capital, and it is inconceivable that the Capital is not represented by that noble statue, which, on the rock with her mantle over her shoulder and quiver on her back, seems intent on competing with Cupid.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_322936\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-322936\" style=\"width: 750px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Prado_9-_Otm-750x536-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-322936\" src=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Prado_9-_Otm-750x536-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"536\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Prado_9-_Otm-750x536-1.jpg 750w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Prado_9-_Otm-750x536-1-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Prado_9-_Otm-750x536-1-120x86.jpg 120w, https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Prado_9-_Otm-750x536-1-350x250.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-322936\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fuente de la India or of Noble Havana, by the Italian sculptor Giuseppe Gaggini. Photo: Otmaro Rodr\u00edguez.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">________________________________________<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Sources:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arquitectura<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bohemia<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">El Museo Universal<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carteles<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La Ilustraci\u00f3n<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Semanario pintoresco espa\u00f1ol<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.habanaradio.cu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">www.habanaradio.cu<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cubadebate.cu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">www.cubadebate.cu<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archive of the Office of the City of Havana Historian <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The monument, which had several different locations over the years, came to represent Havana so much that it was said that anyone who didn\u2019t see it felt as if they had never been in the city.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12345875,"featured_media":322930,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13912],"tags":[22988,11727,19256],"ppma_author":[34654],"class_list":["post-322927","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cuban-history","tag-cuban-history","tag-cuban-sculptures","tag-featured"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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