{"id":34101,"date":"2014-09-01T05:05:00","date_gmt":"2014-09-01T09:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/oncubamagazine.com\/?p=34101"},"modified":"2014-09-01T08:20:53","modified_gmt":"2014-09-01T12:20:53","slug":"cubas-foreign-trade-relations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/economy\/cuban-economy\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\/","title":{"rendered":"Cuba\u2019s foreign trade relations"},"content":{"rendered":"

The evolution of the Cuban economy in recent years has been influenced by several processes: the international economic crisis; the application of the \u201cEconomic and Social Policy Guidelines\u201d which sum up the changes are taking place in the country\u2019s economic system; and the intensification of the U.S. economic, commercial and financial blockade. In this context, Cuba\u2019s GDP growth rates are insufficient and, as of 2013, have shown a tendency to stagnate 20131 (see table 1). During the first semester of this year, this \u201cgrowth\u201d was just 0.6 percent.<\/p>\n

\"Table<\/a>
Table 1: Source: ONEI. Anuario Estad\u00edstico de Cuba, 2012, Havana, and Panorama Econ\u00f3mico y Social de Cuba, 2013. Abril 2014 edition.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Clearly, without sufficient growth rates of at least three percent, all of the country\u2019s goals will remain indefinitely postponed. The Cuban economy\u2019s open character and its external dependence means that the evolution of the external environment is always key to explaining problems and challenges facing the country\u2019s own evolution; moreover, the external environment in many cases determines\u00a0the country\u2019s future prospects.<\/p>\n

Therefore, to avoid making errors, or even worse, making the same errors over and over, it is essential to analyze the challenges facing Cuba\u2019s trade and insertion in the international economy.<\/p>\n

According to the country\u2019s 2012 Statistical Yearbook, Cuba\u2019s rate of opening has increased perceptibly since 2007, rising from 38.0 percent of the GDP to almost 46 percent in 2012.2 In addition, we should take into account that in Cuba, any variation of the GDP has entailed higher- than-proportional changes to imports (for every one percent rise in the GDP, imports have risen by about 2 percent) Imports continue to be replaced by national products at a weak pace, and the\u00a0transformation capacity of the country\u2019s domestic production for exports is still low.<\/p>\n

\"TABLE<\/a>
TABLE NO. 2 Cuba: foreign trade of goods and services 2008-2013 (in millions of current USD)
Source: ONEI. Anuario Estad\u00edstico de Cuba, 2012, Havana. Panorama Econ\u00f3mico y Social de Cuba, 2013. Abril 2014 edition.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

This is seen in the limited response by national production to external opportunities, such as those presented in the most recent period.3 In short, imports are few and no real options exist for replacing imports with national products, which determines Cuba\u2019s chronic deficit in the balance of goods.<\/p>\n

However, its overall foreign trade balance (see appendix 2) since 2009 has tended to show a surplus, determined by a significant surplus in the net export of professional services to various developing countries, especially Venezuela, in line with cooperation agreements with these countries.<\/p>\n

However, Cuban cooperation in the form of professionals (not just in the medical sector) exists in more than 60 countries. Cuba\u2019s top 10 trade partners\u2014in terms of total foreign trade of goods\u2014are Venezuela, China, Spain, Canada, Holland, Brazil, Mexico, the United States, Italy, and France, in that order. Its top three trade partners accounted for 45.7 percent of Cuba\u2019s total foreign commerce in 2007, and by 2012, those three countries had increased that participation to 58.9 percent of the total.<\/p>\n

\"TABLE<\/a>
TABLE NO. 3 Cuba: Twelve top markets for the export of goods (in millions of USD and in {bb302c39ef77509544c7d3ea992cb94710211e0fa5985a4a3940706d9b0380de})
Source: ONEI. Anuario Estad\u00edstico de Cuba, Havana, 2012.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"TABLE<\/a>
TABLE NO. 4 Cuba: Principal markets for the import of goods (in millions of USD)
Source: ONEI. Anuario Estad\u00edstico de Cuba, Havana, 2012.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The Venezuelan market is the main destination for Cuba\u2019s external sales and the most important supplier of goods to Cuba. In 2007, total trade with Venezuela represented 19.6 percent of Cuba\u2019s foreign trade in goods, but by 2012, that figure had risen to 44.2 percent.4 For the 2008-2012 period, the Venezuelan market absorbed an average of more than 35 percent of exports, almost doubling the relative weight of the Dutch and Canadian markets, the second and third most important destinations of Cuban exports. In terms of imports, Venezuela was also Cuba\u2019s most important partner between 2008 and 2012, supplying an average of 32.6 percent of all Cuba\u2019s imports.<\/p>\n

The importance of Cuba\u2019s relations with Latin America and the Caribbean, especially with its strategic partners in and outside of the region, is far from any reasonable doubt. Equally decisive is the country\u2019s policy of maintaining and promoting relations with other regions for economic reasons, and to consolidate diverse relations and avoiding the mistake of over-concentration, such as was the case of the now- defunct Eastern European socialist bloc.<\/p>\n

Hence, the exceeding importance of negotiations with the European Union (EU) for the Cuban economy and the rearticulation of its foreign economic relations in the immediate future. Despite the crisis, trade with the EU represents more than 20 percent of Cuba\u2019s total export and import of goods, and about 22 percent of its income from tourism, given that a large part of joint investments and business with foreign companies involve European partners. In addition, according to EC data, since 2008 more than $80 million has been channeled as development aid from the EU to Cuba.4<\/p>\n

A number of problems are limiting the necessary adequate functioning of Cuba\u2019s external sector, including a very high level of centralization in foreign trade operations, directly related to limited margins of business autonomy that do not promote a direct connection between national producers and the international market; restricted access to international financing; markedly distorted relative prices, to a great extent as a result of the effects of the overvaluation of the Cuban convertible peso (CUC) and the dual currency system; deterioration of the physical infrastructure related to foreign commerce (ports, roads, airports, storage capacities); and no less importantly, the inadequate network of specialized support services for the export sector (telecommunications, Internet access, legal consultants and technical assistance).<\/p>\n

Beyond objective structural limitations, creating a more diverse and dynamic Cuban external sector will require changing the operations of a system that is highly centralized, and proceeding to decentralizing foreign trade operations, enabling productive entities and small and medium size businesses (state and non- state) to begin to have direct relations with international markets. This would make it possible to bring about more active participation by Cuba in international flows of direct foreign investment (DFI), which can improve the export capacity of existing enterprises in Cuba, fostering their participation in chains of value and contributing to provincial and local development.<\/p>\n

These foreign investments are key to accessing advanced technology, incorporating modern management methods, stimulating innovation in Cuban personnel development and training, generating effective links with domestic productive sectors, and definitively turning around the acute process of decapitalization to which the domestic economy has been subjected.<\/p>\n

Obviously other, fundamental elements of policy exist for making the Cuban economy and its external sector more dynamic. Particularly notable is the need for a banking system that carries out its functions and fosters a credit policy with the necessary conditions for promoting the financing of foreign trade operations by Cuban companies, especially small and medium size enterprises (SMES).<\/p>\n

International experience confirms the creation of certain financing methods for strengthering foreign trade operations that are not used or, at least, not sufficiently. It is worth asking what has been the experience of the SUCRE mechanism and its accounting unit (the sucre), and why the participation of Cuban enterprises has become marginal in a structure that emerged as part of the ALBA bloc. Once again, objective factors combine with subjective ones that are burdened by inertia; the losers are the economy and the Cuban people.<\/p>\n

Note:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1 In general, the growth rate of economic activity in Cuba between 2008 and 2013 has been much lower than that noted in the majority of Latin American nations during this period.<\/strong><\/p>\n

2 According to ONEI, the rate of external opening is calculated as the amount of commercial exchange of goods and services with foreign countries, divided by the GDP.<\/strong><\/p>\n

3 En 2010 los precios mundiales de n\u00edquel y az\u00facar superaron las cifras inicialmente previstas, pero las producciones f\u00edsicas cubanas no lograron alcanzar los vol\u00famenes planificados, por lo que el pa\u00eds no fue capaz de beneficiarse de esa coyuntura favorable (intervenci\u00f3n de Marino Murillo, vicepresidente del Consejo de Ministros y Ministro de Econom\u00eda y Planificaci\u00f3n, en el VI Per\u00edodo de Sesiones de la Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular, diciembre 2010).<\/strong><\/p>\n

4Datos sobre peso de la UE en comercio y turismo cubano obtenidos a partir de informaci\u00f3n estad\u00edstica de la ONEI. El dato sobre la cooperaci\u00f3n europea hacia Cuba, fue tomado de Granma, 1 de mayo de 2014, p. 4.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The evolution of the Cuban economy in recent years has been influenced by several processes: the international economic crisis; the application of the \u201cEconomic and Social Policy Guidelines\u201d which sum up the changes are taking place in the country\u2019s economic system; and the intensification of the U.S. economic, commercial and financial blockade. In this context, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3123,"featured_media":34205,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13904],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[33783,8286],"class_list":["post-34101","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cuban-economy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCuba\u2019s foreign trade relations | OnCubaNews English<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/economy\/cuban-economy\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cuba\u2019s foreign trade relations | OnCubaNews English\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The evolution of the Cuban economy in recent years has been influenced by several processes: the international economic crisis; the application of the \u201cEconomic and Social Policy Guidelines\u201d which sum up the changes are taking place in the country\u2019s economic system; and the intensification of the U.S. economic, commercial and financial blockade. In this context, […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/economy\/cuban-economy\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"OnCubaNews English\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2014-09-01T09:05:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2014-09-01T12:20:53+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/Econom\u00eda-y-comercio.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"713\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"463\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Carola Salas Couce, carola\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Carola Salas Couce\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/cuba\\\/economy\\\/cuban-economy\\\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/cuba\\\/economy\\\/cuban-economy\\\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Carola Salas Couce\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4f3e49d789d07253331c853eab55370e\"},\"headline\":\"Cuba\u2019s foreign trade relations\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-09-01T09:05:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2014-09-01T12:20:53+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/cuba\\\/economy\\\/cuban-economy\\\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1432,\"commentCount\":1,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/cuba\\\/economy\\\/cuban-economy\\\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2014\\\/08\\\/Econom\u00eda-y-comercio.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Cuban Economy\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/cuba\\\/economy\\\/cuban-economy\\\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\\\/#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2014\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/cuba\\\/economy\\\/cuban-economy\\\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/cuba\\\/economy\\\/cuban-economy\\\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\\\/\",\"name\":\"Cuba\u2019s foreign trade relations | OnCubaNews English\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/cuba\\\/economy\\\/cuban-economy\\\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/cuba\\\/economy\\\/cuban-economy\\\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2014\\\/08\\\/Econom\u00eda-y-comercio.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-09-01T09:05:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2014-09-01T12:20:53+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4f3e49d789d07253331c853eab55370e\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/cuba\\\/economy\\\/cuban-economy\\\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/cuba\\\/economy\\\/cuban-economy\\\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/cuba\\\/economy\\\/cuban-economy\\\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2014\\\/08\\\/Econom\u00eda-y-comercio.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2014\\\/08\\\/Econom\u00eda-y-comercio.jpg\",\"width\":713,\"height\":463,\"caption\":\"Photo: Roberto Ruiz.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/cuba\\\/economy\\\/cuban-economy\\\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Portada\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Cuba\u2019s foreign trade relations\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/\",\"name\":\"OnCubaNews English\",\"description\":\"Revista sobre Cuba\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4f3e49d789d07253331c853eab55370e\",\"name\":\"Carola Salas Couce\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/65ad1eeb422b1f56b309d7020d718b407684ca649e688c522916a984e4203dd9?s=96&r=g653c8832ca700c8af67bcffad26546e4\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/65ad1eeb422b1f56b309d7020d718b407684ca649e688c522916a984e4203dd9?s=96&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/65ad1eeb422b1f56b309d7020d718b407684ca649e688c522916a984e4203dd9?s=96&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Carola Salas Couce\"},\"description\":\"Doctora en Ciencias Econ\u00f3micas. Profesora titular de la Facultad de Econom\u00eda de la Universidad de La Habana. Es Subdirectora y Jefa del Departamento Docente en el Centro de Investigaciones de Econom\u00eda Internacional (CIEI). Especialista en temas de Econom\u00eda Mundial, Relaciones Monetarias y Financieras, Flujos financieros hacia los pa\u00edses subdesarrollados, Pol\u00edticas P\u00fablicas para el manejo de la inversi\u00f3n extranjera, entre otros.\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/oncubanews.com\\\/en\\\/author\\\/carola\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Cuba\u2019s foreign trade relations | OnCubaNews English","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/economy\/cuban-economy\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Cuba\u2019s foreign trade relations | OnCubaNews English","og_description":"The evolution of the Cuban economy in recent years has been influenced by several processes: the international economic crisis; the application of the \u201cEconomic and Social Policy Guidelines\u201d which sum up the changes are taking place in the country\u2019s economic system; and the intensification of the U.S. economic, commercial and financial blockade. In this context, […]","og_url":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/economy\/cuban-economy\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\/","og_site_name":"OnCubaNews English","article_published_time":"2014-09-01T09:05:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2014-09-01T12:20:53+00:00","og_image":[{"width":713,"height":463,"url":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/Econom\u00eda-y-comercio.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Carola Salas Couce, carola","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Carola Salas Couce","Est. reading time":"7 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/economy\/cuban-economy\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/economy\/cuban-economy\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\/"},"author":{"name":"Carola Salas Couce","@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/4f3e49d789d07253331c853eab55370e"},"headline":"Cuba\u2019s foreign trade relations","datePublished":"2014-09-01T09:05:00+00:00","dateModified":"2014-09-01T12:20:53+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/economy\/cuban-economy\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\/"},"wordCount":1432,"commentCount":1,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/economy\/cuban-economy\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/Econom\u00eda-y-comercio.jpg","articleSection":["Cuban Economy"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/economy\/cuban-economy\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\/#respond"]}],"copyrightYear":"2014","copyrightHolder":{"@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/#organization"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/economy\/cuban-economy\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\/","url":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/economy\/cuban-economy\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\/","name":"Cuba\u2019s foreign trade relations | OnCubaNews English","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/economy\/cuban-economy\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/economy\/cuban-economy\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/Econom\u00eda-y-comercio.jpg","datePublished":"2014-09-01T09:05:00+00:00","dateModified":"2014-09-01T12:20:53+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/4f3e49d789d07253331c853eab55370e"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/economy\/cuban-economy\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/economy\/cuban-economy\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/economy\/cuban-economy\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/Econom\u00eda-y-comercio.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/Econom\u00eda-y-comercio.jpg","width":713,"height":463,"caption":"Photo: Roberto Ruiz."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba\/economy\/cuban-economy\/cubas-foreign-trade-relations\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Portada","item":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Cuba\u2019s foreign trade relations"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/","name":"OnCubaNews English","description":"Revista sobre Cuba","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/4f3e49d789d07253331c853eab55370e","name":"Carola Salas Couce","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/65ad1eeb422b1f56b309d7020d718b407684ca649e688c522916a984e4203dd9?s=96&r=g653c8832ca700c8af67bcffad26546e4","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/65ad1eeb422b1f56b309d7020d718b407684ca649e688c522916a984e4203dd9?s=96&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/65ad1eeb422b1f56b309d7020d718b407684ca649e688c522916a984e4203dd9?s=96&r=g","caption":"Carola Salas Couce"},"description":"Doctora en Ciencias Econ\u00f3micas. Profesora titular de la Facultad de Econom\u00eda de la Universidad de La Habana. Es Subdirectora y Jefa del Departamento Docente en el Centro de Investigaciones de Econom\u00eda Internacional (CIEI). Especialista en temas de Econom\u00eda Mundial, Relaciones Monetarias y Financieras, Flujos financieros hacia los pa\u00edses subdesarrollados, Pol\u00edticas P\u00fablicas para el manejo de la inversi\u00f3n extranjera, entre otros.","url":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/author\/carola\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":33783,"user_id":3123,"is_guest":0,"slug":"carola","display_name":"Carola Salas Couce","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/65ad1eeb422b1f56b309d7020d718b407684ca649e688c522916a984e4203dd9?s=96&r=g","author_category":"","last_name":"Salas Couce","first_name":"Carola","job_title":"","user_url":"","description":"Doctora en Ciencias Econ\u00f3micas. Profesora titular de la Facultad de Econom\u00eda de la Universidad de La Habana. Es Subdirectora y Jefa del Departamento Docente en el Centro de Investigaciones de Econom\u00eda Internacional (CIEI). Especialista en temas de Econom\u00eda Mundial, Relaciones Monetarias y Financieras, Flujos financieros hacia los pa\u00edses subdesarrollados, Pol\u00edticas P\u00fablicas para el manejo de la inversi\u00f3n extranjera, entre otros."},{"term_id":8286,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"cap-carola","display_name":"carola","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/?s=96&r=g","author_category":"","last_name":"","first_name":"","job_title":"","user_url":"","description":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34101","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3123"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34101"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34101\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/34205"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34101"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34101"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34101"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=34101"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}