{"id":97707,"date":"2017-07-14T06:00:14","date_gmt":"2017-07-14T10:00:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/oncubamagazine.com\/?p=97707"},"modified":"2017-07-08T22:21:11","modified_gmt":"2017-07-09T02:21:11","slug":"spanish-is-also-spoken-in-the-united-states","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba-usa\/spanish-is-also-spoken-in-the-united-states\/","title":{"rendered":"Spanish Is Also Spoken in the United States"},"content":{"rendered":"<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">In the mid-1990s a young Cuban academician landed for the first time in Miami. That same day a friend picked him up for a tour of the city: from Calle 8 to the Chapel of Our Lady of Charity. When entering a shop, all of a sudden he saw a sign on the shop window: ENGLISH SPOKEN. His first reaction was not verbal but rather gestural, a quick glance at his friend and classmate, one of those looks with wide-open eyes. Wasn\u2019t it supposed to be the other way around? Where were we? Sometime later, continuing what is called the process of cultural immersion, he ran into other realities. In Miami people didn\u2019t return your call but rather <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><i>llamaban pa\u2019 atr\u00e1s<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">; they di not pay bills, but rather <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><i>biles<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">; the ACs and the faucets did not leak, but rather <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><i>liqueaban<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">; they did not file a lawsuit, but rather a <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><i>sue<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">, something that language experts call loans, one of the results of the contact between two cultural bodies that had already culminated in Spanglish, to which the Puerto Ricans from New York and the Chicanos from New Mexico had sufficiently contributed.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">But the young man also witnessed other processes. Two of his second cousins, born in Miami, spoke Spanish with their parents and grandparents in their Kendall home, but English among themselves. On the following day they took him to Lincoln Road to dine in a restaurant called Yuca (Young Urban Cuban-American). Another second cousin \u2013 born in Miami, an FIU (Florida International University) graduate, who knew what no one knew about the Mu\u00f1equitos de Matanzas without having ever traveled to the island, and that in his conversation might use the same words\/expressions of any Havana marginal \u2013 gave him a copy of a magazine called <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><i>Generation \u00d1<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"> \u2013 the latter, as is well known, being a letter absent in the English alphabet.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">These experiences encouraged in the young academician the interest in these and other sociocultural problems on the other side of the Strait, and especially in Miami. The first was identifying a reality that not always comes to the surface: the fact that Cubans had arrived there after other \u00e9migr\u00e9\/minority communities. In effect, an until-then unprecedented phenomenon had started emerging between the late 1970s and the mid-1980s: bilingualism. We are speaking, in this case, of a human group descendants from the historic exile, who arrived in the United States when they were children\/adolescents and who vindicated for themselves the category of Cuban-Americans, in a similar sense as to what had already occurred with other groups that emigrated to the Union \u2013 let\u2019s say the Italians, the Irish and the Asians -, among whom the awareness of a diverse identity (or more exactly identities) already formed part of the so-called melting pot, as Brazilian sociologist Darcy Ribeiro at one point called \u201ctransplanted peoples,\u201d that is to say, formed based on a strong, dissimilar and sustained migration component.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">This process of assimilation involved, somehow, de-exiling and taking root in the receiving culture, frequently based on unions \u2013 marital or otherwise \u2013 with U.S. men or women, or with other Latinos. And the historic exiles had not arrived for that, but rather to return as quickly as possible, although due to pure pragmatism they founded a bilingual school in Coral Gables to make it easier for their children to have good command of English and Spanish while everything returned to normal.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Since literature has some cognitive value, the young man then had to resort to it. Bilingualism had its first expression in the anthology <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><i>Los atrevidos<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"> (1988), by Carolina Hospital, texts by a group of persons who had been born on the island in the 1960s and who lived in the United States and had ventured to write in English for the first time. Testimonies like <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><i>Little Havana Blues<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"> (1996), by Virgil Su\u00e1rez and Delia L\u00f3pez, a selection of 32 authors who wrote in English, would come later. That generation, called 1.5 (located midway between their culture of birth and that of the receiving society), would be reflected on a theoretical level in the seminal essay by Gustavo P\u00e9rez Firmat (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><i>The Cuban Condition. Translation and Identity in Modern Cuban Literature<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"> [1989], <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><i>Life on the Hyphen. The Cuban-American Way <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">[1994]), which frequently underwent a discussion, among other things for obviating determinations like gender, race and sexual orientation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Here the distinctive consists, in effect, in the bicultural condition, that is, moving between two systems of idiomatic-cultural references. The category alluded to had widespread reception in literary studies, starting with academic researches that today are already classics like that of Isabel \u00c1lvarez Borland, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\"><i>Cuban-American Literature of Exile. From Person to Persona <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">(1998), which told about a phenomenon also new until then: the boom of Cuban-American writers of the 1990s, embodied in the works of Pablo Medina (1948), Roberto G. Fern\u00e1ndez (1951), Oscar Hijuelos (1951-2013), Achy Obejas (1956), Cristina Garc\u00eda (1958), Virgil Su\u00e1rez (1962) and the very P\u00e9rez Firmat (1949), among others, and which cannot be fully understood if the receiving society\u2019s context is not taken into account, that is to say, the Hispanic\/Latino presence and its impact on the cultural industries, including the literature printed by publishing houses like Arte P\u00fablico Press and others that, in their catalogs, started increasingly incorporating what they called ethnic writers. The Cuban was but a specific chapter of that same phenomenon.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">As the years went by, the young apprentice of academician was able to start answering, in some way, those (and other) initial concerns, always aware that it was a slippery field due to its multiple and complex determinations. However, meanwhile other new concerns emerged. What would happen, for example, with the children of his second cousins? Would they renounce Cervantes? Was Spanish losing ground in Miami, something that according to experts and academicians is already happening in the entire nation, except for the entry of new emigrants from Latin America? Being the leader, at some point would Miami be behind Los Angeles, Riverside and Dallas, where the most Spanish is spoken in the entire Union? And to continue along the same line: What would be the role of bilingual education in the schools? What factors would decide over this? What problems would emerge? And the so-called \u201cpoint of inflexion\u201d: would the close to 125 million Hispanics\/Latinos in 2055 then be, from the perspective view of the language, more or less \u201cdust in the wind,\u201d like in that old tune by the Kansas?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Neither are there univocal answers to these questions, fully valid and up to date. But a sociolinguist of the area has noted, with reason, the following: \u201cMiami is a very special city in the United States with respect to Spanish, because we find people with a high and a low socioeconomic level who speak Spanish. It\u2019s very different, for example, from Los Angeles, because the immigrants or the working class are the ones who speak Spanish.\u201d Meanwhile, a local study revealed that, in the labor market, speaking both languages means an average additional income of some 7,000 dollars a year.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a name=\"_GoBack\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-US\">Keeping this in mind, something seems ensured. To say it with Borges words: there will be a garden of paths that bifurcate, but it will be very difficult to give Spanish a death certificate in Miami. A famous Chilean folklorist would perhaps put it another way: it started \u201ctangling up, tangling like the musk in the ivy.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the mid-1990s a young Cuban academician landed for the first time in Miami. That same day a friend picked him up for a tour of the city: from Calle 8 to the Chapel of Our Lady of Charity. When entering a shop, all of a sudden he saw a sign on the shop window: [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3462,"featured_media":97727,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13944],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[33935,13320],"class_list":["post-97707","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cuba-usa"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Spanish Is Also Spoken in the United States | OnCubaNews English<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/oncubanews.com\/en\/cuba-usa\/spanish-is-also-spoken-in-the-united-states\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Spanish Is Also Spoken in the United States | OnCubaNews English\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In the mid-1990s a young Cuban academician landed for the first time in Miami. 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