It is difficult for me to speak here in the middle of a forest of prejudices. I can speak here about a real revolution that is taking place near your country. Our revolution was made without hate of class. There was never a division from one class to another. Our revolution is a revolution for social justice, for the poor people, and of course, too, for the middle class.
This is Fidel Castro, 65 years ago, speaking in English to students at Princeton University. The Revolution has triumphed 109 days ago, and he has been in the United States for five, where he has arrived as a guest of the Newspaper Publishers Association. Although on a “private” visit, he has spoken repeatedly in front of that big press, on high-rating television programs, and has even met with the Secretary of State, with senators and representatives of the Congress’ foreign committees, and with Vice President Nixon himself. The photo of him waving to the crowd in Washington is on the front page everywhere. He is not yet 33 years old.
Before leaving Havana, Ambassador Bonsal made all kinds of recommendations on how to make the most of the trip. The diplomat, for whom Cuban politics is a crossword puzzle, believes that the trip will be a round trip, and it annoys him that the journalists have taken the lead over the Eisenhower administration. He knows, by the way, that the general president was reluctant to invite him, waiting for Fidel and Cuba to toe the line. Instead, the guerrillas have slipped through the half-open door of the press, since closing it would have been embarrassing (Eisenhower discreetly asked if they couldn’t “deny him a visa”).
The plan is dizzying, of course, like everything back then, but not so improvised. The government’s economic team, made up of top professionals, has prepared to talk with their counterparts in the North. The National Bank has sent a memo to the other side proposing an agenda on cooperation and financial assistance. And the Foreign Ministry (the foreign minister is not yet Roa, who was serving as ambassador to the OAS) has even hired a well-known U.S. public relations company to advise the visit.
For some notable historians, this was the best opportunity to have avoided the breaking of relations and the spiral of conflict that surrounded it. I’m not saying no. Reviewing it retrospectively is like going back over the history of what could have been, a path of lost opportunities, options, and gestures that were just that. However, it allows us to appreciate how many negative reactions, vested interests, prejudices, underestimations, arrogance, the young revolution and its top leader had already aroused in the toxic climate of the Cold War.
In fact, if you look carefully at everything that was happening in that political theater, with the benefit of time and declassified papers, the chronicle of a death foretold was already underway, the collision course between the United States and the Revolution. This was true despite the fact that that expedition was hopeful for many, including Fidel himself.
The first act of the Revolution in power had been to install the revolutionary courts, to prosecute the dictatorship’s criminals. The popularity of those processes at home contrasted with the commotion they raised abroad. Instead of taking justice into their own hands, as 25 years earlier, when Machado fell, this time the trials applied the law as punishment for the repression. In January 1959, the independent Cuban press spoke of 20,000 deaths. Beyond the number of victims, the 81 months of Batista’s regime represented a much greater cumulative effect: that of a historical hangover in which impunity had prevailed, from the time of Weyler until the last dictatorship. In the Cuba of 1959, there were living witnesses to all these pending cases. This time they were going to be judged.
Paradoxically, the first point of friction between the United States and the young Revolution had been neither the agrarian reform nor the nationalizations, but rather the punishment of human rights violators and its extreme transparency, which reached the point of letting in the Cuban and foreign press to the executions. Although its outward image turned out to be counterproductive. Let’s say, the sequence of the execution of Colonel Cornelio Rojas, police chief of Santa Clara, guilty of countless murders and torture that terrorized the city, presented a defenseless old man, dressed in civilian clothes, whose hat flew through the air under the impact of the bullets. With that bad image circulating around the world, what would be the surprise of the Christian Science Monitor’s envoys when they heard Cubans on the street who, instead of protesting the expeditious action of the courts, asked them: “Did you already see how exemplary Cuban justice is?”
It is not surprising that, when those newspaper editors, fascinated with the exotic image of Fidel and the bearded men, took the initiative to see him up close, they offered him the golden opportunity, above any other economic or diplomatic interest, to convey to the people in the United States, live and direct, their version of what was happening in Cuba. That was the priority. Thus, no more asking for help or financing, he told his perplexed economists, this is going to be a visit of goodwill, to tell our truth. And so the delegation of 40 Cubans left, on April 15, 1959.
I’m not going to review a journey that had multitudinous moments and diverse meetings, not only in the field of politics and the media but also in civil society, with the great universities of New England — Princeton, Columbia, Harvard — and that included all type of adventures, night walks, late-night Chinese restaurants, Latin newspapers, shaking hands with Cuban emigrants and high school students, lunches at the Foreign Correspondents’ Club, visits to the Sugar Exchange Market and the tiger cage at the Bronx Zoo, as well as other common or unusual places, within and especially outside of the plan, days typical of that first and unrepeatable time.
With his talent as a means of communication, which Cubans already knew, and his ability to charm his audiences, without reading a piece of paper and in his imperfect English, although politically very effective, Fidel also exposed himself, especially in his meetings with journalists and politicians, who subjected him to identical interrogations about the same three topics: the trials, the communist presence, the prospect of elections. This was the case, especially in the two longest and most dense sessions of his tour, with Richard Nixon and with a senior CIA officer who was an expert in the fight against communism.
Twelve years later, in his memoirs, Ambassador Bonsal refers to the objective of Nixon’s meeting with Fidel in the following terms: “to highlight the dangers to which the machinations of international communism could expose the naive leader of a popular revolution.”
Indeed, after two and a half hours of pedagogical talk, Nixon felt that Fidel’s attitude toward the virtues of capital, elections, and the danger of communism was contradictory to that of the United States. However, he did not believe that Fidel was a communist, but rather “incredibly naive about the communist threat.” Above all, although he was an adversary, he saw him as endowed with the qualities of a leader. “No matter what we think of him, he is going to be a big factor in the development of Cuba and quite possibly in Latin American affairs in general…we have no choice but to try to steer him in the right direction.”
This same paternalistic and visionary Nixon would change his mind regarding the Revolution and Fidel in a very short time: instead of leading them on the right path, he began to advocate the use of force to liquidate them.
The senior CIA officer repeated the same lesson to him, for three hours. While he smoked cigars that Fidel gave him, he explained to him the threat that the Popular Socialist Party posed to his leadership. The comandante responded that the communists were few and that the United States exaggerated their threat in Latin America since the little attention that it paid to the economic and social problems of the region had a worse effect. In any case, the officer appreciated that Fidel had listened “carefully and in good faith” to his warnings, and had been willing to “continue receiving recommendations on international communism in the future.” In fact, he told the president of the National Bank that “not only is Fidel not a communist, he is a strong anti-communist fighter.”
The State Department’s assessment of that visit was that it had been a triumph for Cuba in terms of public relations (contrary to what Bonsal thought), but that it was not going to “alter the essentially radical course of its revolution….” For them, despite having seen him speak for so many hours and with such dissimilar interlocutors, Fidel remained “an enigma.”
Nor did U.S. policy towards Cuba change after that visit in favor of a more realistic and negotiating approach, on the contrary. A few weeks later, Cuba and the USSR reestablished diplomatic relations, although the Communist Party of the Soviet Union still did not fully understand what was happening on the island. When a high-level Soviet delegation visited the island for the first time, in March 1960, the CIA had been carrying out its assassination plans for five months and the Bay of Pigs had progressed from infiltration to invasion. That officer who spoke with Fidel, Gerry Droller, better known in the world of covert operations as Frank Bender, would be the head of Political Action during the attack.
I wonder what would have happened if, instead of that unorthodox strategy, Fidel had opted for the route advised by his trained economists, dedicated to managing loans, financing and seeking aid from the United States. Would they have reacted differently to an agrarian reform that maintained most of the private property in agriculture and that, however, would trigger a conflict without return with the Cuban and U.S. sugar oligarchy, if agreements had been reached during that visit, a month earlier?
The public relations consulting company had recommended that Cubans shave their beards and wear suits and ties. Although this idea does not merit comment, in essence, it is not far from the ineptitude revealed by politicians, diplomats and intelligence officers to understand the Revolution and its leadership.
As Lars Schultz has documented, they had always constructed Cubans as immature, impulsive, emotional, wild and crazy people. The Cuban upper class itself and its children reproduced this image when it came to the revolutionaries, so they continued to repeat to this day that Fidel was a madman, prone to violence and allowing himself to be provoked, and that he owed his entire ancestry to something ineffable called “charisma.”
This vision, which is not exclusive to his enemies, gives style, persuasive power, oratory and the way of projecting himself, the key to a capacity for influence that is truly sustained in political action and ideas, in the courage and the ability to defend them.
At that dawn of the Revolution, the litmus test consisted of entering “the forest of prejudices,” that is, into the den of the wolf, with the forced improvisation of the other’s language, and demonstrating more audacity and political intelligence than charisma. That is the question.
Una persona natural cubana, con nacionalidad extranjera reconocida con pasaporte etc.
Crea una empresita cualquiera, mixta, srl u otras. Hace una primera inversión en medios etc, emplea a nacionales o a otras para la puesta en marcha del negocio y acesoria inicial, sobre la marcha deja de cumplir sus compromisos iniciales, usa a discreción gradual y periódicamente a los empleados con posibilidades para llevar hasta 5000 divisas a cualquier país cercano de bajo costo de pasaje, q por demás les sea interés traer mercancías medicamentos etc para vender en el mercado negro aquí.
Así van sacando del país las divisas con las q el estado debiera estar las operaciones de esa propia empresa⁶ y otras necesidades de prioridad para la mayoría de la población, todas las formalidades las cumplen con rigor y caso no se ve lo q hacen hasta q un día arrancan y de alguna manera antes de retirarse con el dinero q extraen de aquí montan otro negocio fuera donde es más fácil instalarse uno o varios de los q aquí organizan ejecutan o dirigen la gestión en diferentes posiciones del negocio y se van con los saberes de hacer q se le propiciaron gratis.
No me da la cuenta de esta cadena de distorsiones q hoy puede ser de pequeños montón y pocos volúmenes de producción q se ven como gran cosa en la nada.Pero mañana puede ser tarde, si queremos ser continuidad por ese camino no es.
Mayor Supervisión y Control:
El gobierno podría implementar una supervisión más estricta sobre las operaciones de las empresas y sus propietarios. Esto incluiría auditorías regulares para garantizar que se cumplan los compromisos iniciales y que las divisas se utilicen adecuadamente.
Mayor Transparencia y Rendición de Cuentas:
Las empresas podrían estar obligadas a proporcionar informes detallados sobre sus operaciones y el uso de las divisas. Esto permitiría una mayor transparencia y facilitaría la detección de cualquier actividad sospechosa.
Incentivos para Cumplir Compromisos:
Se podrían establecer incentivos para que los propietarios de empresas cumplan con sus compromisos iniciales. Por ejemplo, podrían recibir beneficios fiscales o acceso preferencial a recursos si cumplen con sus obligaciones.
Educación y Conciencia:
Crear conciencia entre los empleados y la población en general sobre las consecuencias negativas de estas prácticas. Esto podría incluir campañas de sensibilización y educación sobre la importancia de mantener la integridad empresarial.
Mayor Participación Ciudadana:
Involucrar a la sociedad civil y a los ciudadanos en la supervisión de las empresas. Esto podría incluir la creación de comités de vigilancia o la promoción de denuncias anónimas.
Sanciones y Penas más Severas:
Establecer sanciones más severas para aquellos que incumplan sus compromisos iniciales o utilicen divisas de manera inapropiada. Esto podría disuadir a las personas de participar en estas prácticas.
En última instancia, se necesita una combinación de medidas para abordar este problema y garantizar que las empresas operen de manera ética y en beneficio de la mayoría de la población.